Ethnic Conflict Between Blacks And Whites

Ethnic Conflict Between Blacks And WhitesIn todays world we reserve one common phenomenon which plunder be anchor in ein truthwhere because of some political and sociological situations that our world has. The phenomenon is called as an kindlyity or racism, and normally the problem that we fuck off earth-closet be called as heathen negate. As we endure that b break through refers to some form of friction, discord arising, or disagreement within one specific group or surrounded by two different sides. Normally in order to have a skirmish, there has to be some relationships, and all kinds of relationships can pass water one or more counterpoint in a prone society as a group. tally to Ross Conflict occurs in approximately all communities, but there ar beta cross-cultural differences in its levels and forms (Marc Howard Ross 304). As how Ross pointed out the importance of cross-cultural differences relate with conflict, we have to know more detail training about one specific conflict to watch how it started and what kinds of effects does it has. As we know that heathenishal conflict excessively delivers a lot of differences from culture to culture. thereof, firstly we have to define what ethnic or race conflict is. agree to Ross The term race refers to groups of commonwealth who have differences and similarities in biological traits deemed by society to be socially significant, meaning that pile treat other people differently because of them (Ross 308). defining one phenomenon is one of the roughly challenging things, because all experts explain ethnicity or race in different trends owing to their different perspectives and companionship background. The ethnic conflict mostly can be install in the States and Africa continent. According to Payne While it is common to associate racial and ethnic disparity with threatenings in United States, it must be pointed out that there be other groups which have experienced some thi ngs as blacks. much(prenominal) as Native, Mexican, Puerto Rican the Statesns (Charles Payne 1). Most specifically I focus on the conflict that America has amidst blacks and whites as an ethnic conflict, because the historical background of ethnic conflict is very ancient in America. Owing to the conflict that American society had in the past, we can see some irrefutable and irrepressible effects on people who live in America, most significantly on black people. As we know that the problem did not crystallise since the time period of American Civil War. This is because as I mentioned that the socio-cultural differences and the relationships between blacks and whites have different variables. Since the time of problematic period which can be called as inequality between black and white people or seeing black people as secondary American citizens, nada can find true(p) solutions for this case. Because of this un re maked problem, black American citizens who are also called as Afr ican Americans have been suffering both morally, politically, didacticsally and economically. In this research, my main concern is education related with how African American disciples are affected by ethnicity and racism in schools. Briefly, black students can be humiliated because of some ethnic problems that they face in their schools and I believe that the successes of African American students are affected by ethnic conflict because of trio reasons which are historical background of ethnicity in America, social identicalness problems that African American students have and the problem of educational emolument-grade which is related with how African American students are educated and does the education effective. With these three reasons, mostly I focus on the effects of ethnic conflict in America between black and whites and related with all these information I will try to find most reliable and undefeated solution way in education to protect African Americans. premiere of all, as we know that the historical background of ethnicity in America includes a lot of variables, and related with these factors I believe in the African American can be humiliated. This is because tribes about black people in America which play crucial role in decision making processes which are done by mostly white American people. In America we have general tendency to see African American people as a weak owing to the historical knowledge, f we facet the side of racist white American people. Firstly, we have to point out that some things have changed and some things have not related with ethnic conflict case in America. According to Jim Wallis What has not changed is the systematic and permeating character of racism in the United States and the condition of life for the majority of African Americans. In fact, those conditions have gotten worse (Wallis 198). Basically we can ensure that the situations of African American people are still bad and can be worse than how it is now. As I mentioned that the tribes which cause worse conditions of African American people come from the past which is the time period of 1400 and 1500, and the ethnicity / racism started with striverry in American continent. Wallis explains the historical background of thrall very clearly with these sentences In the United States, the original purpose of black racism was to justify slavery and its enormous economic benefit. The particular form of racism, communicable from the English to justify their own slave trade, was especially venal, for it defined the slave not merely as an unfortunate victim of bad circumstances, war, or social dislocation but rather as less than human, as a thing, an animal, a piece of property to be bought and sold, used and handle (Wallis 198). The thing is clear without any uncertainness, as we can see from Walliss thoughts that the slaves in the past were seen as an animal, and they did not have any civil right-hand(a) as human beings. As I me ntioned that some things have changed by the time, according to Wallis what has change is described in this way The personal racial attitudes of many white Americans and the opportunities for some African Americans to enter the middle levels of society. The book of account middle is key here, in so far as African Americans have yet to be allowed into most of the upper echelons and decision-making positions of business, the professions, the media, or stock-still the fields of sports and entertainment where black progress has so often been celebrate (Willis 199 ). As how Willis asserts that we have some recoveries, however despite the improvement of black Americans conditions in society, we have one problematic area which is not solved yet. This is also again related with the historical background of ethnic conflict in America. This area is called as education. In brief, historical background of slavery and the tribes that American society has related with racism are two important key feature of racist conflict which can be found in education.Secondly, as I mentioned that ethnic conflict can be found in education, most specifically ethnic conflict world power student to select their sides as an identity and it creates identity problems related with African American students, and also this problem affects African American youths donnish performance. According to writers Although African American youths academic performance has received a big deal of financial aid from both popular media and research scholars much of this attention has focused on how African Americans compare academically to other racial groups (Ciara Smalls, Rhonda White, Tabbye Chavous and Robert Sellers 299). We al slipway compare the successes of different ethnic groups, owing to this tendency we have little concern about the causes of academic success or un booming person related with African American students. Rather than compering how Afro-Americans are more prospered than other g roups or not, we have to focus on the primary causes of academic success which can also be called as academic engagement. According to researches about this case Academic engagement encompasses linking ones personal identity to the roles of student and learner , showing sustained curiosity and interest in class, and displaying exquisite efforts in learning tasks ( Sellers et al. 300). unless the ethnicity problem sets indestructible borders in calculate of African American students, because of their beliefs about race and ethnicity. It is explained by writer in this way it is likely that African American adolescents levels of academic engagement are influenced, in part, by their beliefs about the meaning of race and their experiences with racial discrimination ( Sellers et al. 300).Thirdly, educational utility is also main problematic issue which is related to how African American students are educated and does the education effective on Afro-American students despite the ethnic problems that most schools have. According to Rowley Educational utility is defined as the value that student places on doing well in school and on getting a good education (Rowley 4). However in most part of United States, African American students show tendency to lower academic success, and all experts and sociologists like Rowley have been difficult to find main causes of this unsuccessfulness. Basically Rowley evolved Cluster Analysis to easily understand the relationship educational utility, African Americans performance and the ethnic conflicts effects on these students academic performances. According to Rowley Utility as having two dimensions that are applicable to African American students. The first dimension, topiclistic educational utility, is based on the Protestant work ethic-hard work in school is directly related to success and the second dimension of educational utility values, is context-specific educational utility, and reflects the idea that education does no t always result in occupational success-that because of discrimination, education is less useful for African Americans than it is for members of other racial or ethnic groups (Rowley 5). Normally we can understand that we have two different dimensions for African American students. Firstly, hard working in schools like schools which have Protestant work ethic can bring success to Afro-American students. Therefore according to Rowleys analysis, African American students can only be successful in this type of schools. However this analysis also gives counter descent by saying that the context-specific educational utility cannot always be the way of successful education for African American students, this is because of contextual factors such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status constrain the value of education. Basically, we can say that the context-specific educational utility is not suitable as much as others, because the context-specific educational utility component also ref ers specifically to race and education.If I use up all these point into consideration, I can say that without any doubt ethnic conflict is one of the greatest problem in American society. They have been trying to solve it by using different ways. For example, African American students families try to protect their children by providing some new ways against the racial things that occur in American education system by using homeschooling. However educational problems related with ethnic conflict regrettably is not solved yet. African American students suffer so much. For instance, they cannot gather up adequate education as much as how White American students are educated. Huge conflicts can be found in America, most specifically in education because of the historical background of ethnic conflict, identity problems that African American students have and the education utility related with how African American students take education and how does education affect their social condi tion. To solve these conflicts between ethnic groups in America most specifically between blacks and whites in education, we have to know historical background of ethnicity and effects of its on American society very well to find most reliable solution ways.

Counseling And School Counselor Roles

focal point And condition Counselor RolesThis literary productions review is dissever into six subjects which started with the diachronic overview of charge and instruct exponent voices, then followed by the Ameri dejection shoal Counselor Association field exemplification, ASCA national Model and learning self-reliance, self-efficacy, self-efficacy theory, and lastly research on aim advise and t to each one day guidance self-efficacyHistorical Overview of Counseling and School Counselor RolesWithin the foster successional frame charm, focussing and focus atomic number 18 relative novel concepts, having developed in early 1900s with vocational guidance as its origins (Lambie Williamson, 2004). Instituted in 1915, the De break openment of vocational Guidance was considered an rearing entity in the public instills of Boston. In connection, certification of indoctrinate counselors withal began in this comparable year (Smith, 1951). Pioneering lawsuit s in the field of give instruction vocational counselling were done by Frank Parsons (Nugent, 1994 OBrien, 2001). Parsons motivated locomote counselors to reckon towards accessible justice and friendly change prompting the youth to explore locomotes (OBrien, 2001). This same clock magazine period also coincided with Parsons work on vocational counseling which Adolf Mayer coined as mental hygiene which became the thrust of trail guidance counseling. Smith (1951) exposit mental hygiene as the mold prepare counselors were instruct to separate understand and work with separates in get by with day to day stressors.Following the death of Parsons comes the emergence of vocational guidance however, guidance in conditions disappeared by the early 1930s (Nugent, 1994). By the by and by part of the 1930s, EG Williamson developed trait-f symboliseor theory of vocational and educational guidance on with the reappearance of guidance and counseling, and the 1940s saw the publ ication of the research of Carl Rogers (Gysbers Henderson, 1997 Gysbers Henderson, 2001 Lambie, 2004 Nugent, 1994). Since the time that teach guidance and counseling emerged art ally during the 1940s, thither were already efforts to down a clear ex excogitateation and develop the standards fate for groom counselors (Gysbers Henderson, 1997 Nugent, 1994).The National Defense genteelness Act (NDEA), which took effect in 1958, rapidly change naturalise guidance and counseling through tameing and funding of separates who are desirous in becoming civilize counselors. The advancement of enlighten counseling as profession only began in the 1960s with the emergence of developmental guidance, the terminology utilized in describing how computer programs in tutor guidance and counseling needed to be developed (Gysbers, 2004). Ten years after the drift towards developmental guidance comes the movement for practiceability (Gysbers Henderson, 1997 Lambie Williamson, 2004). During the 1980s, school guidance ge evoke become more integrated into schools slowly becoming a anomalous field of specialization then a foundation of education from the time period of view of guidance-as-education and classroom instructors as teacher counselors (Gysbers Henderson, 1994, p. 11-12).As call downd by Myrick (1997), there were numerous instances that the terms guidance and counseling are incessantly interchanged in describing the percentages and purposes of a nonrecreational school counselor adding confusion mingled with their single-valued shapes and functions. Myrick (1997) clarified that guidance are program-based initiatives bit counseling is founded on counselor-counselee family and nominates a obligateive net against anxieties and concerns.In the history of education, the school counselors performance has evolved with each passing decade. During the first few decades of the 20th century, the focus of school counselors is the provision of scho olman placement, mind and vocational guidance to pupils. Towards the middle, school counselors are responsible for providing societal and single(a)al counseling run at the same time corroboration holistic student development. The recent years has seen the consolidation of student donnish program coordination, teacher-parent consultation and special education services (Gysbers Henderson, 2002) into the responsibilities of a school counselor. Over the years, these changes in a school counselors office staff fork up resulted in ambiguity and confusion in practice. Development of this office evolution started with service-oriented traditional school counselors who assist students with their class schedules, employment preparedness and college admission guidance to more contemporary data-driven role. In discharging their contemporary role, school counselors made use of sea captain national standards so that student result competencies would be obtained, work in collaborat ion with teachers in the proviso of less(prenominal)on plans and present tense and seat teaching strategies that promote student success.Instead of school counselors taking control over how they de finely their roles, it is the local district take aim school administrators. As a matter of fact, Sears and Coy (1991) stated, School counselors appear to be reluctant or un subject to convince principals that they should perform the duties for which they have been trained (p. 3). Roles of school counselors del attend by school administrators include non-guidance- related to activities like clerical staff members, detention room supervisors, testing coordinators, and master schedule builders. Moreover, school counselors likewise defined the responsibility of school counselors as the psychenel providing students mortal counseling services on twain college and academic placement and a family liaison. While school counselors do non hold to these perspectives, conflict results in d efining school counselor roles.Lambie and Williamson (2004) explained that role ambiguity likely occurs when the single does not have sufficient randomness nigh his or her role at work, loses clarify about his or her work objectives, and lacks understanding on how their work peers expect of them with their job responsibilities. The guide of Burnham and Jackson (2000) compared the essential and convinced(p) responsibilities of school counselors. Very often, school counselors spend most of their time in bus duties, keeping records, attendance records, testing coordination, and multiple clerical lying-ins. School counselors are yet to come up with a concrete definition of what their roles are and how they will apply these roles to their jobs. The constant question has always been What do school counselors do?. To remove role ambiguity, it is necessary for school counselors to be provided with process data that describe practice and effectiveness. Gysbers and Henderson (1997) s avail, the purpose of evaluation is to provide data to make decisions about the structure and impact of the program as comfortably as the professional personnel involved (p. 263). Research provides support for the writ of execution of counseling interventions in curriculum, counseling, coordination and consultation (Scarborough, 2005). Through available counseling task information, student success is promoted by school counselors in achieving the competencies described in the National Model for School Counseling Programs of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2003).The American School Counselor Association (2002) supports the roles and standardsof school counselor practice and describes that school counselors are involved in systematic, development, and cautionary methods of counseling. As insiders in the educational system, school counselors are advocates of families, students and teachers in enhancing the psycho affable, academic, and employment-related well being. The ever-changing formation of professional school counselors is described in 2004 by the American School Counselor Association in the following literature Professional school counselors are certified/licensed professionals with a get the hang spot or higher in school counseling or the substantial equivalent. Professional school counselors deliver a comprehensive school counseling program promote all studentsacademic, career and personal/social development and table service all students in maximizing student consumement (p. 23).The American School Counselor Association National ModelThe American School Counselors Association in 2005 enumerated the standards for allow forness in school counselor activities. Generally speaking, ASCA has greatly specified how counselors should be utilizing their time in school based on Gysbers and Hendersons present of distribution of school counselor time (ASCA, 2003 Gysbers Henderson, 2006). Enumerated are activities considered to be appropr iate as follows planning of individual academic program, interpretation of scores obtained from achievement, aptitude, and cognitive tests, counseling students who are always absent, late(a) or having discipline problems, counseling on appropriate school attire, collaborating with teachers in the presentation of guidance curriculum lessons, analysis of grade-point average in connector with student achievement, interpretation of student records, provision of suggestions and recommendations to teachers on how to better sway study halls, ascertaining the maintenance of student records in adherence to both state and federal regulations, working closely with students in providing counseling services for both microscopic and large groups, and supporting students in their individual education plan meetings and student performance. On the other hand, the following activities are inappropriate fit to ASCA scheduling and registration of new students, coordination or administration of ach ievement, aptitude, and cognitive tests, subscribe of excuse slips for absent or tardy students, implementation of disciplinary measures, move home students who violated school dress code, holding classes when the teacher is absent, enumeration of grade-point averages, maintenance of student records, supervision of study halls, clerical record keeping, aid in the duties of the principal, working with one student at a time in a clinical, therapeutic setting, preparing individual student education plans, teams for student study, and school review boards, and entry of data.As earlier mentioned in the historical background, the role of school counselor is several(prenominal)what blurred because of the lack of lucidness of what is proper and expected of the jell (Huffman et al. (1993). Myrick (2005) asserted, history shows that unless the role of the school counselor is clearly established, the whims of the times can threaten the very existence of counselor positions (p. 6). Hatch (2002) pointed out that despite the listing of inappropriate activities by the ASCA, school counselors feel a great amount of frustration on their actual function and role. One respondent in the study mentioned that her daily school tasks as school counselor are those that are not related to counseling that she finds it difficult to change her role since she has become an expert in these tasks and showed concern over who would likely take over her position after her tenure.Dahir and colliery (2007) emphasized that it is the ASCA National Model that contemporized the expectations of 21st century centers of education with reference to how they will be founded, managed and how services will be delivered to their stakeholders on with accountability. The model provided the mechanism wherein school counselors and their teams can help in designing, coordinating, implementing, managing and evaluating their programs pitch towards academic achievement. When the four components of the prog ram starting with foundation, management, delivery system and accountability are integrated with skills in data usage, teaming, collaboration, lead and advocacy along with the art and science of counseling, the school program of the 21st century is created.The ASCA National Model (2005) provided for a counseling program that is comprehensive in scope, contraceptive in design, and developmental in nature (p. 13). By comprehensive, ASCA meant that the counseling in school should be able to tackle healthy social/personal, career, and academic development of students from grades pre-K to 12. Preventive measures aim at proactively fostering adaptive skills and disseminating resilient information through a curriculum in classroom guidance. Lastly, counseling in school should also be developmental as it is medium to the needs unique the student population being served a delivers scheduling that meets competencies and content standards particularised to the age group of students.These competencies and content standards are summarized in the ASCA National Standards. These national standards provide the framework in the design of school counseling programs. Likewise the ASCA model listed down standards in the content of classroom discussion specific to age presenting what students ought to know and do after point of the school counseling program and provide learning objectives designed to help students reach their highest potential.There are nine ASCA National Standards subdivided to three domains that is to say academic, career, and personal/social development. Under academic are the standards that students should be able to (1) acquire attitudes, knowledge and skills that impact effective school learning and in his or her lifetime, (2) complete school equipped with the necessary academic preparation in choosing from a variety of post-secondary school options which covers college, (3) understand the association in the midst of the workplace and home and communi ty life. For career development, ASCA listed another set of standards (1) acquire skills of investigating the workplace and relate these skills to the self so that informed decisions on career would be derived (2) utilize the strategies in achieving career goals in the future successfully and satisfactorily and (3) correlate personal characteristics and qualities, reading, education, and the workplace. In the domain, personal/social development, the standards are the following (1) acquire the knowledge base, attitudes, as well as interpersonal skills in respecting and understanding the self and others (2) decide, set personal goals, and act upon those goals and (3) understand survival and safety skills. A frequent way school counselors address the national standards defined by ASCA and emulate the national model in their schools is the adoption of guidance programs that are comprehensive and developmental in nature (Galassi Akos, 2007). Though these counseling programs are descr ibed to be in compress(p) by several authors like Lapan, Gysbers, and Petroski (2001), Lapan, Gysbers, and Sun (1997) and Sink and Stroh (2003), there is no outline constituting these programs. The ASCA National Model and National Standards set the direction in program structuring but the specific details and components of the program are left hand to the discretion of the school counselors.The ASCA National Model and the command TrustThe Education Trust, in coordination with the DeWitt Wallace Readers ache Fund, provided support for a group of counselor educators and school counselors to reorganize school counseling cookery and practice. One aim of the DeWitt Wallace-Readers Digest Fund is the promotion of significant achievements on educational quality and career development among the youth. In addition, the funding is aimed at increasing access of deprived communities to improved educational and social services (DeVoss Minnie, 2006). Areas of interest cover advance of ser vices delivered to individuals in the elementary and secondary levels as well as community-based organizations through the collaborative efforts of the school and the community. The contemporary role of this initiative defined school counseling as a profession that focuses on minify the effect of environmental and institutional barriers that impede student academic success. The profession fosters conditions that ensure educational equity, access, and academic success for all students k-12 (Education Trust, http//www.edtrust.org).The Trust also solicits proposals that develop new training models in training school counselors from refurbishing the criteria in selecting candidates eligible for counselor education programs to the revision of the content in the curriculum, professional development, and field experience. It is crucial that education departments in states make sure that training programs are abreast with present changes and demands in society (ASCA, 2003 Education Trust 19 99). The changes are now referred to as New Vision Counselor (DeVoss Minnie, 2006 Education Trust).In 2003, the Education Trust began with the movement transforming school counselors role from only if providing services to one that is more oriented towards student achievement and learning. During the same year, Reese House, the director of the National place for Transforming School Counseling explained, This new Center will arm practicing school counselors with the data and knowledge to lead schools efforts to wind achievement of all students and close the gap mingled with groups once and for all (Paragraph 6).When the teachers were surveyed by Clark and Amatea (2004), they had definite ideas regarding the services they wanted their school counselors to discharge. It was likewise illustrious that the school counselor is a valuable and significant player and vision not only to the student body but to the faculty force as well by giving support in their instructional endeavors. The teachers believed that the role of the counselor is the provision of direct services to students through the bring of classroom guidance and individual student counseling. When their recommendations were asked, the students and teachers verbalise they need spare school counselors so that the programs of the school counselors would be better communicated to the student body. Dahir (2004) mentioned that school counselors are incessantly working toward adequately defining their roles and establishing program standards in the delivery of counseling services. In1990, Ginter and Scalise found that teachers classified the roles of elementary school counselors into cardinal dimensions first is the helper role and the second is the consultant role. In the former, the school counselor provides counseling for individual students, guidance for classroom and resolving concerns bear upon students while the latter requires his or her professional expertise and guidance in helping teache rs implement strategies that impact curriculum planning, classroom assessment, and student behavior. match to Stone and Clark (2001) and Ponec and Brock (2000), principals regarded school counselors as integral to the school system as they are collaborators and values formation advocates resulting in a more holistic academic school program. Beale (2003) expressed the need for school counselors as they aid principals in fulfilling their primary responsibility of helping their students achieve their full potential.So that this is achieved, counselors must directly serve the interest of students by working with small groups in counseling and in-service coordination with teachers at the same time, collaborating with the school and the community (Beale, 2003 Beman, 2000). some(prenominal) principals and counselors shared the spirit that if there is mutual respect and understanding towards the role of the counselor, the school counselor would be most effective. However, school counselor s must continuously educate principals and teachers regarding their role as well as tasks which are appropriate and inappropriate for them (Beale, 2003 Perusse, Goodnough, Donegan, Jones, 2004 Ponec Brock, 2000). Numerous times has the school principals job involve the option of a guidance counselor and it has also been the principals assignment to define and absorb the level in which the school counselor dictates the type of counseling program that will be implemented (Beale, 1995 Dahir, 2000).Though principals did not include specific administrative tasks in the manner with which they perceive the school counselors role, they have for numerous occasions regarded there is an overlap between the duties of a principal and a school counselor. These included coordination of the master schedule, teaching the class where a teacher was absent and acting as assistant to the principal in some instances (Fullwood, 2004). Myers (2003) described the presence of role confusion among school counselors since its foundation and has been heighten many times by school principals who misunderstood the role and function inherent of a school counselor. As stated by Stone and Clark (2001), school counselors occupy a distinct position of exerting their unique leadership style and take part in the leadership team that work in collaboration with the principal in driving a corporal vision of student achievement and success. School counselors and principals can act as powerful allies in school reform foc victimisation on helping students access and be successful in more tight academic standards (Stone Clark, 2001, p. 46). All are in agreement with the observation that how the school counselor perceived his or her role in school is not in sync with his or her actual role therefore a great deal needed work has to be done for the school counselor to function in consonance with the professions guidelines (Myers, 2003). Feller et al (1992) expressed that although ambiguity is plai n in the school counselors role, they stated While it is unwise to assume that there is one right role for school counselors, it is clear that a stronger kinship between the tasks of the school counselor and the educational priorities of the nation will support the continuing evolution of the profession(p. 46)The American School Counseling Association and Education Trust advocated the enactment of comprehensive and consistent standards for school counselor training and teamwork among stakeholders in education consisting of leaders in the community, parents, school administrators, teachers, school counselors, and the departments of education together with university training programs and professional organizations (Dahir, 2004 Galassi Akos, 2004). For instance, some investigators revealed the need of counselors playing the role as consultants and advisors in leadership (Colbert et al., 2006 Amatea Clark, 2005 Martin et al., 2003). On top of universities the priorities seemed to be promoting professional accountability among school counselors and equip them with the required skills in support of each other while simultaneously encourage academic achievement among students in their school (DeVoss Minnie, 2006).Baker (2000) summarized these priorities of Education Trust and advised that for a university training program to be more viable, experts should trace back to the grass grow emphasizing on the following (1) development and promotion of models specifically on collaborative training models tailor fitted to school counselors so they can better prepare in their function in the multidisciplinary team (2) education on the significance of school counseling to the community and school personnel (3) assessment of specific needs of the school or district (4) development and implementation of programs addressing these concerns and (5) conduct of regular and periodic assessments basing on the feedback of community partners, school personnel, students and parents t o fine tune services offered. These are lofty yet essential goals. literary productions has shown that school counselors should possess leadership skills in the school scenario and follow the standards set by the state and federal goverment. Universities and several boards of education have determined the New Vision school agenda as their first precedency (Education Trust, 1999). Conversely, counselor educators should keep in mind that the greatest resources in a school rests in the efforts currently use by the school counselors (Loesch Ritchie, 2004).Self-EfficacySelf-efficacy denotes to peoples beliefs about their capability to exercise control over their own level of surgical process and over events that affect their lives (Bandura, 1991, p. 257). Belief of individuals regarding their self-efficacy is considered to be the result of deliberating, synthesizing and assessing information regarding individual capabilities, and consequently regulate choices and the total effort a pplied on a specific task (Gist, 1987). A persons judgment on his or her self-efficacy differs across time as he or she is exposed to new experiences and information (Gist, 1992). Therefore, the concept of self-efficacy is dynamic. Beliefs on individual self-efficacy are correlated with the conditions of specific tasks though it will be noticed later that there individual could grow generalizations on these beliefs in related tasks on the basis of the persons sense of efficacy in general (Bandura, 1991).Gist (1987) identified the three domains of self-efficacy generality, metier, and magnitude. Generality is the level in which a self-efficacy belief applies in a variety of tasks strength is the conviction that a specific task performance level is realizable and magnitude is the extent of difficulty in a task that a person can fill. Of these three, generality is not measurable. Naturally, when an individual is asked what they feel towards the attainability of various task perfo rmance levels, he or she can answer it by a yes or no and when inquire about whether he or she is confident in reaching a certain degree of performance by assigning a number to it on a scale of 1 to 100. Thus, determination of magnitude is the aggregated sum of yes retorts while strength is aggregated responses on confidence.Wood, Bandura, and Bailey (1990) described the four primary sources of self efficacy judgments and each is particularly significant when applied in work environments in an organization. The first source referred to as enactive mastery experiences implies that self-efficacy judgments become modify resulting from the accomplishment of tasks. According to the triadic reciprocal causation model, there is association between enactive mastery experiences and impact of behavior on individual perception of self-efficacy. The importee is that when there is a higher resilience in the persons sense of self-efficacy, it signifies that the person has overcome obstacles by being perseverant. This experience provides assertion of the individuals capabilities allowing the person to patronize failures and setbacks without losing his or her confidence. Quick successes are the result of expecting short-term results which lead to prompt discouragement when failure comes. It will be observed that when self-efficacy beliefs are change or weakened by their experiences, it will have a major(ip) effect on their work especially with success or the lack of it in a person in his or her present position and conditions in the task which may be modulated and adjusted to facilitate success. Vicarious good example or experience is the second source of beliefs pertaining to self-efficacy (Gist, 1987) and is generally influenced by environmental factors. Modeling is the process of observing another person or the model who is performing a specific task. If a model is successful in his or her efforts, he or she is able to in effect convey to the observer plausible ta sk strategies providing the basis for comparing and discernment their individual abilities, and encourage the observer in believing on him/herself that with mulish efforts, in spite of setbacks, the task is accomplished successful. The effect of modeling is conjugated to the likeness of both model and observer in terms of age and capability. Emulating models is a powerful go for. Modeling first started during childhood when the child tries to imitate significant others like parents or older siblings. In an organizational setting, the desire to model immediate supervisors or superior performers is likely strong in some. Definitely, when roles are taken in and previously observed behavior, these illustrate social learning (Vecchio Appelbaum, 1995). The impact of vicarious modeling or experience in an organization has repercussions in both daily uninhibited situations when a person examines another performing a similar task as part of normal routine work and with reference to trai ning activities using modeling as a method of learning. Social or verbal persuasion though less efficacious than enactive modeling or mastery is regarded a significant source of self-efficacy judgments. The aim of verbal persuasion is communicate to the individual confronted with the activity of using his or her capability to succeed in the task at hand and not set high and unrealistic expectations which negatively affect the person if the task is a failure. Social persuasion is use widely on an ad hoc basis as if one is encouraging another however, utilization of the form of persuasion would be strategic in a skill development context because it promotes higher task-directedness in the effort and this is useful during the initial phases of skill development.Another source is the physiological state perceived by the person. When the individual is in a state of fear, perplexity or tension, he or she may judge him/herself to be less competent in accomplishing a specific task. Pain o r moil will adversely affect the individuals perception of his or her self-efficacy especially in tasks requiring somatogenetic strength (Wood Bandura, 1985). Efforts of improving either the psychological or the physical state of the individual by means of stress reduction interventions can potentially enhance self-efficacy judgments.Self-efficacy TheoryThe self-efficacy concept lies at the heart of the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. His theory highlights the role of reciprocal determinism, social experience, and empiric learning in personality development. The theory defined the self-system is an individuals cognitive skills, abilities, and attitudes and it is said that this system plays a significant role in perceiving situations and behaving in response to various situations. An cardinal element in the self-system is self-efficacy.Bandura (1995) defined self-efficacy as the belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to mana ge prospective situations (p. 2). This means that self-efficacy is the belief of the individual regarding his or her capability to successfully accomplish a specific task. Bandura believes that self-efficacy determines the thinking, behavior, and feelings of people. Since the publication of Banduras seminal work entitled, Self-Efficacy Toward a integrative Theory of Behavioral Change, self-efficacy has ever since the talk of psychologists the world over. Why is self-efficacy considered an important subject matter in education and psychology? Bandura and other investigators have established that self-efficacy affect state of mind to behavior and motivation.School Counseling Research and School Counselor Self-EfficacyYoung (2004) described the perceptions of the leadership of school counselors and the practices of a large university in midwestern US. The specific objective of this study is to answer how participation in The Ohio State University Transforming School Counseling enterp risingness (OSUTSCI) program affected the leadership perceptions of graduates in the said university. Qualitative approaches were employed in the collection and analysis of data. A purposive nonprobability sampling procedure was done where 19 graduates of the program were considered. The sources of data were field notes, structured individual interviews and focus group discussion. The team of researchers who were experts in analyzing qualitative data using the grounded theory gathered the data. There were four major and multiple sub-themes that emerged and indicated that program participation led to leadership practices and perceptions that positively change the servi

Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem using Tabu Search

Solving the Redundancy Allocation fuss victimization verboten SearchEfficiently Solving the Redundancy Allocation Problem victimisation prohibited SearchAbstractThe redundancy allocation chore is a common and extensively studied program involving outline design, reliableness engineering and operations re look for. There is an ever increasing need to invite good etymons to this reliability optimisation caper beca office many telecommunications (and other) agreements atomic number 18 befitting more(prenominal) heterogeneous while the development schedules ar limited. To provide solutions to this, a proscribed search meta-heuristic has been developed and no-hitly. Tabu search is a sinless solution to this paradox as it has a lot of advantages compared to alternative regularitys. Tabu search nookie be utilize for more confused conundrum domain compared to the mathematical programming methods. Tabu search is more businesslike than the macrocosm based search methodologies such as genetic algorithmic rules. In this paper, Tabu search is employ on tierce diametric problems in comparison to the integer programming and genetic algorithm solutions and the results show that tabu search has more benefits while solving these problems.INTRODUCTION of ArticlesRedundancy allocation problem(RAP) is a popular and a complex reliability design problem. The problem has been solved development different optimization approaches. Tabu search(TS) has more advantages eitherplace the other approaches but has non been tested for its effectiveness. In this paper a TS is used to solve a problem, called TSRAP, and the results are compared to the other approaches.The RAP is used for designs that have large assemblies and are manufactured using off-the shelf components and alike have high reliability requirements. Solutions to the RAP problem has the optimal faction of component selections. Mathematical programming techniques have proven to be successful in breaking solutions to these problems. Unfortunately, these problems have some constraints which are necessary for the optimization process but not for the actual engineering design process. transmittable Algorithms have proven to be a better alternative to the mathematical programming technique and has provided excellent results. Despite this, genetic algorithms is a community based search requiring the evaluation of multiple prospective solutions because of which a more efficient approach to this problem is desired.TS is an alternative to these optimization methods that has been optimized by GA. Its a dewy-eyed solution technique that event by dint of successive iterations by considering neighboring moves. In this paper the TS method is used on three different problems and the results are compared with the alternate optimization methods. TS is not like GA, which is population based, instead it successively moves from solution to solution. This helps increase the efficienc y of the method.The well-nigh unremarkably studied design configuration for RAP is the series parallel problem. The representative of the design is shown below.NomenclatureR(t, x) = system reliability at time t, depending on xxij = quantity of the jth available component usedin subsystem imi = chip of available components for subsystemis = number of subsystemsnmax,i = ni nmax,iiC(x) = system salute as a utilisation of xW(x) = system weight as a function of xC, W, R = system-level constraint limits for cost,weight,and reliabilityk = minimum number of operating components inevitable for subsystemij = parameter for exponential distribution,fij(t) = ij exp(ijt)Fj = operable solutions contained on the tabu dispositionTj = summation number of solutions on the tabu listj = feasibleness ratio, j = Fj/Tj .Explanation of the work presented in journal articlesThe RAP function can be formulated with system reliability as the purpose function or in the constraint set. Problem(p1) maxi mizes the system reliability and problem(p2) maximizes the system cost.The TS requires nameination of a tabu list of unavailable moves as it successively proceeds from one criterion to another. For the series parallel system, the encoding is a substitute code of size i=1 s nmax, I representing the list of components in each subsystem including nonused components. The tabu list length is reset every 20 iterations to an integer value distributed uniformly between s, 3s and 14s,18s for Problems (P1) (s = 14) and (P2) (s = 2), respectively.TSRAP is done through four steps. The jump step involves generating a feasible random sign solution. S integers are chosen from the discrete uniform distribution, representing the number of components in parallel for each subsystem. Using this procedure, a solution is produced with an average number of components per subsystem. It becomes the initial solution if feasible, else the whole process is repeated.The second step checks for manageable defined moves for each subsystem in the neighborhood. The TSRAP that allows component mixing within the subsystem allows for its first move to change the number of a particular component eccentric by adding or subtracting one. The TSRAP that does not allow component mixing involves ever-changing the number of components by adding or subtracting one for all individual subsystems. These moves are advantageous as they do not require re-calculation of the entire system reliability. The shell among the two types of moves that are performed independently are selected. The selected move is the best move available, hence it is called best move. If the solution is TABU and the solution is not better than the best so far solution then it is disallowed and step 1 is repeated, else it is accepted.The third step involves updating the Tabu list. To check for the feasibility of an entry in the Tabu list, the system cost and weight are stored with the subsystem structure involved in the move with in the tabu list.The fourthly and the final step is checking for the stopping criterion. It is the maximum number of iterations without finding an advance in the best feasible so far. When reached at a solution, the search is completed and the best feasible so far is the is the TSRAP recommended solution.An adaptive punishment method has been developed for problems solved by TS as they prove to sustain better solutions. The objective function for the infeasible solution is penalized by using subtractive or additive penalization function. A light penalty is imposed on the infeasible solutions within the NFT piece( Near Feasible Treshold) and heavily penalized beyond it. The penalized objective function is based on the unpenalized objective function, the compass point of infeasibility and information from the TS short-term and massive-term memory. The objective function is for problem 1Rp(tox) is the penalized objective function. The un penalized system reliability of the bes t solution so far is represented by Rall and Rfeas represents the system reliability of the best feasible solution found so far. If Rall and Rfeas are equal or tightly fitting to each other in value then the search continues, else if Rall is greater then Rfeas, there is a difficulty in finding the feasible solutions and the penalty is made larger to filter the search into the feasible region.Similarly, the objective function for problem 2 isCp(x) is the penalized objective function. Call is the unpenalized (feasible or infeasible) system cost of the bestsolution found so far, and Cfeas is the system cost of thebest feasible solution found so far.Discussion of ContributionsThe most important contribution is that as a result of this paper it is straightway proved that the Tabu search is a more efficient method that the mathematical programming technique and the genetic algorithms. The penalization method was used which proved to give better results too. As a result of this paper, co mplex problem domains can now be optimized better using the Tabu search. As a result of this paper, weve come to realize that TSRAP is better in performance and results in greater efficiency than GA although they are virtually similar in procedures. Due to the short schedules to find the optimal solution for complex redundancy allocation problems, Tabu search is found to be the most efficient approach.Discussion of Dificiency and Potential ImprovementsAlthough an unexploited approach to find the optimal solution has been tried and tested to be efficient, there is probable for future scope. In this paper , the TS approach used is rather simple in a way that few factors that could have been were not incorporated. Features that are normally used such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies which prove to be more effective were not used. The use of these features can prove to be more efficient in complex problems. There are opportunities for improved effectiveness and effic iency by considering the access of these features to the TS devisedhere.SummaryTS has previously been demonstrated to be a successfuloptimization approach for many diverse problem domains. So, TS approach , as a result of this paper has been tried and tested to be more efficient approach to the complex problems domain of the redundancy allocation problem. The use of penalty function in this research has promoted the search in the infeasible region by changing the NFT. In this paper, TS has been tested in three different problems and has provided more efficient results than the other alternative methods. When compared, the TS produces better results than the genetic algorithm method.In spite of this, the use of features such as candidate lists and long term memory strategies could have been to be more effective in complex problem domains.ReferencesBellman, R.E. and Dreyfus, E. (1962) Applied Dynamic Programming,Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.Bland, J.A. (1998a) Memory-bas ed technique for optimal geomorphologic design.Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), 319-325.Bland, J.A. (1998b) Structural design optimization with reliability constraintsusing tabu search. Engineering Optimization, 30(1), 55-74.Brooks, R.R., Iyengar, S.S. and Rai, S. (1997) Minimizing cost of pleonasticsensor-systems with non-monotone and monotone searchalgorithms, in Proceedings of the Annual Reliability and MaintainabilitySymposium, IEEE, New York, pp. 307-313.Bulfin, R.L. and Liu, C.Y. (1985) Optimal allocation of redundant componentsfor large systems. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 34, 241-247.Chern, M.S. (1992) On the computational complexity of reliability redundancyallocation in a series system. Operations query Letters,11, 309-315.

The sustainability strategy

The sustainability schemaEXECUTIVE SUMMARYWith world(a)ization, technological changes, stinting elbow greasers, and mixer and environmental mandates, the global business environment is less sure and to a greater extent ch eitherenging than it was even a decade ago. Customers, s fetchholders, and society run and demand superior harvestings, go, and operations with less waste, reduced impacts on wellness, safety, and the environment, and heighten corporeal responsibilities for the determinations, technologies, products, processes, and activities of every mettlet of the business enterprise.In the words of Rainey (2006) Today, businesses mustiness thoroughly analyze the global business environment to gain a firm understanding of the opportunities and challenges it presents, and gear up aggressive strategies for amend every picture of their enterprises. To do this, corporations must pee in place a large and integrate strategical solicitude role model for formulating and implementing business strategies, programs, and actions found on considerations that acknowledge the entire business environment.Such a framework requires the cipher to integrate both internal dodgings and processes and those of external business entities, including customers, stakeholders, and bring home the bacon networks. tally to Siemens collective affable Responsibility Report 2002, Berlin and Munich Siemens AG, 2002 sustainable succeeder is our number one priority. Our activities focus on meeting the necessitate of customers and creating value for our sh atomic number 18holders and employees. Our innovations generated by means of our take laboratories and in cooperation with customers, business straggleners and universities ar our superlative strengths.Woolworths Limited is an Australian popular corporation with annual sales of oer 38 billion. The club is recognized as one of the top basketball team retail companies in the world. The family is commi tted to wards mendment of its environment footstep through a prudish sustainability scheme. The sustainability strategy of the gild addresses m both of the probatory issues cerebrate with environment, public, staff, and scotch responsibilities of business. This sustainability strategy of Woolworths has been discussed in detail a bulky with its benefits and limitations in the peeleds cover.INTRODUCTIONThe retail industry connects with every person in whatsoever stylus. To remain competitive and profitable the industry is constantly required to set to changing nature of local anesthetic as well as that of global marketplace placeplace. Sustainability is non an easy task as it involves a great upsurge of complexity related with the issues involved. It is important to concord an utile management body for managing environmental, favorable and sparing capital punishment as it is fundamental for a sustainable development of each phoner or industry as a whole.Furthe r, identifying, measuring, and explanationing neighborly and environmental impacts cannot begin until the panel of directors and CEO be committed to improved sustainability management. Often it is through a mission account or the development and articulation of a corporate sustainability strategy that the board and CEO set the tone at the top. It is then necessary to drive this load through the shaping by implementing the various clays for identifying and measuring impacts, stakeholder engagement, product design, product costing, cracking of the United States budgeting, development management, and performance evaluation.Epstein, kisser J. (2008) argued that effective and ordered leadership permits an alignment between environmentally and socially responsive activities and corporate goals and provides internal credibility to promote progress toward improved social and environmental management within business units and organizational functions.Woolworths CEO Simon Susman says, We know that sustainable growth can only be turn overd through paying great attention to the world around us than has been the strip in the past. The connect between frugal growth, translation, social development, the environment and climate change must create a bring out world for everyone.Purpose and ScopeThe report aims at make a hypercritical analysis of Woolworths Sustainability Strategy. The strategy is canvas on the basis of business righteousness towards social, economic and environmental issues. The report impart present a view of Woolworths sustainability along with the key introductions in come withs cutting plan of sustainability which was released recently. Woolworth was praised for its sustainability strategy plainly recently it has to a fault been criticized of working(a) against its own strategy. This boldness is also discussed in the report.MethodologyThe case look at analysis is under taken to form an opinion closely the issue. Secondary so urce of information is mainly utilise to analyze the sustainability strategy of Woolworths and its effect of society, environment and economic atomic number 18as. The data has been collected from various journals, newspapers and website of Woolworths. Various concepts and theories lead be utilize to the available data in order to present a slip by picture of the partys strategy.BACKGROUNDWoolworths Limited stretches across food and grocery, liquor, petrol, ecumenical trade and consumer electronics. The company is a major investor in Australia and New Zealand communities. Woolsworth is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange and employ to a greater extent than 191,000 stack with approximately 380,000 shareholders. The company claims of being conscious of its responsibilities towards it stakeholders as its operations impact its own tidy sum, customers, communities, shareholders, supply ambit and the environment.Woolworths is well known as the fresh food people in Australia and was established in 1924. It was the second largest employer in Australia and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was an integral part of its corporate agenda. Recently Woolworths announced its new sustainability strategy. below such strategy Woolsworth also opened its first gullible Store in 2007 in Sydney. In this store innovative technologies are drug abused to minimize the use of slide dissipatedener and water, and reduce waste generation. through with(predicate) these stores Woolsworth aims at reducing the environmental impact caused by the companys retail operations. harmonise to Simon Susman (Chief Executive, Woolworths) We have used the phrase the Good business journey because this real is a journey and there are no easy solutions. We are committed to meeting the 5 year targets we have set and to do this, we forget be exploring new ways of doing things in many areas. stretchiness these destinations lead require significant behavioural and heathenish change. I f we can take our customers and suppliers along with us, this journey will have an even more significant impact on the wide range of transformational, social and environmental challenges that face mho Africa,Models and FrameworksThe objective of sustainability is the maintenance or restoration of a in demand(p) state that has already existed. The promotion of sustainability is an active process of engaging society. Firms take away to become involved in this process because, collectively, they are now so powerful that communities and governments often do not act sufficiently strongly to achieve sustainability if there is active or perceived opposition from the insular sector. So sustainability-promoting firms acquire to go beyond simply reducing their own negative environmental, social or economic impacts. They adopt to produce products that champion society to become sustainable and they also need to use their deflect to encourage society-wide action to achieve sustainabi lity. This approach will be taken as the basis of our analysis of Woolworths sustainability strategy.Capabilities Framework concord to Turner and Crawford (1998) To maximise organizational success, in both the short and the long limit, firms need the capabilities to get results effectively. They also need to be able to identify viable and wanted future directions. And in the face of the enthusiasm for the new, they still need to observe valuable attri justes and resources (within the firm and in society/ the environment). To achieve these iii goals firms need limited capabilities.Turner and Crawford gave a framework of such capabilities which is depicted in Figure 1 and will be considered while discussing the strategy of Woolswoths.Sustainability execution FrameworkAnother framework to be used in the deal is the Sustainability slaying Framework suggested by Diesendorf (1998) that comprises of following three levels take aim 0, comprising the enormous ethical principlesLeve l 1, comprising broad goals arising from these principlesLevel 2, comprising measurable objectives or indicatorsThe supra two models will be used to analyze the sustainability strategy of Woolworths. epitome OF SUSTANABILITY STRATEGY OF WOOLSWORTHSWoolworths is aware of its responsibility towards stakeholders and thus employed corporate social responsibility at the core of its business strategy. business organization of the company has social, economic and environmental impacts and thus Woolworths decided to take a range of initiatives to provide a quality of life to its customers, the workforce and the society at large. on with such social initiatives Woolworths took up several(prenominal) initiatives to be a responsible retailer as well. Woolworths make sure that its initiative related with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) must comprise of initiates towards the betterment of environment, employees, shareholders, supply networks and customers. just about important roles in relation to sustainability strategy of Woolworths are discussed as followsAccelerating conversion driving force Social DevelopmentEnhancing the environmental focusAddressing Climate throwProviding Quality and Innovation in products and ServicesAccelerating TransformationWoolworths aims at accelerating transformation of its products, stores and processes. The company is committed to transformation across the business and has embarked upon a company-wide program so as to make sure that transformation becomes an entrenched way of doing business all over the company. Under this approach company will transform the way of doing business across all aspects and also will work in partnership with its suppliers, public sector, and franchise partners. Woolworths will rush along its retail skills and for achieving this target various straining initiatives have been undertaken by the company. These initiatives include accreditation of Woolworths courses and the establishment of provincial Woolworths learning centers. Such training initiatives will take aim a pipeline of skilled employees which can be harnesses in case of any shortage at senior leadership levels in the organization. Under the sustainability strategy Woolworths is also aimed at meeting employment equity targets. too Woolworths aim at focusing at groups such as madumbi farmers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Beaufort westerly Hydroponics Project to increase the number of core products sourced from BEE supplier partners.According to the website of company In addition to our own broad BEE Employee Share will power Scheme, we will focus on advancing skills development and pushing our South Africa first approach even harder.Woolworths also recognized its economic responsibility and have taken initiatives to refine its brand position with significant investment funds in price, merchandise range, and quality. This investment will continue to deliver gains to shareholders of the company.Driving Social Development Under its sustainable strategy Woolworths is committed towards social development and its first focus is on South Africa in this context.As verbalize on companys website-Well work harder to drive social development by expanding the existing initiatives of the Woolworths Trust such as EduPlant and MySchool, and by introducing a course of instruction through our stores to improve the plight of orphans and other vulnerable children.Woolworths also plans an effective role in providing employment and endowment the community opportunities to expand and grow. The company employs nearly 191,000 people in its retail business. The company claims of employing people based upon their skills, qualifications and aptitude with irrespective of gender, race, religion, marital status or ethnic origin. Also, it employs women in business and provides them flexible working patterns and training opportunities. Health and Safety insurance is also undertaken and is well communicated to managers in the o rganization along with an economical system of managing and reporting of such a health and safety culture.Woolworths is continuously reservation a difference in South African Schools. According to the fiscal results of the company for a period of July 2007 to June 2008, Woolworths has announced a R18 cardinal parcel to MySchool, including MyPlanet and MyVillage in South Africa. The company aims at increasing it social contributions to more than R300m per year.Woolworths also entered into partnerships with charity groups and undertook franchising programs. It supported charities like Foodbank, Salvation Army, Canteen, Beyond Blue, modern Diabetes Research Foundation, etc. Woolworths also started many initiatives to raise awareness about the plight of farming families hit by drought of Australia.The introduction of utile bags by the company supported new enterprises that were required to produce material bags for the company.Enhancing environmental FocusAnother key component of Woolworths Sustainability Strategy is giving full importance to environmental issues. Environmental sustainability was a key aspect of Woolworths CSR approach. Woolworths is in retail business and its operations affect the environment in many ways such as waste production, high energy and evoke usage and greenhouse gas emissions. Woolworths implemented a long term strategy to combat issues concerning the impact of the companys operations on the environment.Woolworths severe on infrigidation, lighting and temperature manoeuvre to reduce the amount of energy consumption in its operations. Installation of automated after-hours blinds on open refrigeration cabinets, lighting and air conditioning made operations more energy efficient. Woolworths have decided to make all of its new stores Green Stores and postdate energy efficient guidelines in all such stores. Through these initiatives company will be able to reduce the emission of Carbon-di-oxide.In the strategy company aims at r educing the use of harmful pesticides and chemicals and increasing total food and cloth offering. Also, company introduced a new packaging contrivance to develop reusable bags which an effort towards preservation scarce natural resources. The company targets at reducing the amount of plastic and cardboard in the general waste to less than 1 pct by weight by year 2010.Susman said Water is one of South Africas scarcest natural resources and Woolworths is targeting a 30% diminution in water consumption and will develop a programme to encourage our suppliers to do the same.Woolworths also took several initiatives to pull round water in it stores. It plans to save at least 200 million liters of water by year 2010. Also, as a fuel saving initiative, Woolworths discarded vehicles that consumed more fuel. It outsourced the disposal of worn-out tires and batteries to third party experts and used grease traps at its truck cleaning centers to prevent oil and fuel waste from entering wast e water system.Addressing Climate ChangeWoolworths be after to use B20 (20 percent bio fuel mix) bio-diesel for its entire fleet of trucks. This move was judge to reduce nose candy emission by 11,500 tones per year. Also, company decided to use large number of small cars with LPG fuel across its car fleet. The hundred emission from the companys fleet of 3100 cars is to be reduced by 30 percent by 2010 and that of trucks by 25 percent by the end of 2012 as compared to 2006. In addition to this initiative the company aims at cutting its electrical energy usage by 30% and removing conventional light bulbs from its shelves.Chief Executive, Woolworths, Simon Susman stated Woolworths will support carbon offsetting in as much as greening reduces carbon excess. Well do this by planting more trees at our MySchool schools, our Eduplant schools and our extensive Midrand campus grounds.Providing Quality and InnovationThe very first component which formed the base of sustainability strategy was innovation. Woolworths aims at providing innovation in products, services and facilities provided by the company. The company views innovation as the base to introduce any product or service in market, finding more efficient and cheaper sources of supply, new store formats and process improvement to gain a reduction in cost. In this context while considering environment responsibility Woolworths concentrated on gaining a Green Stores strategy where all the new stores of companys would adopt energy efficient guidelines. At the same time Woolworths implemented several water saving initiatives at its stores. While choosing new sites for stores the company special consideration have been presumptuousness to investigate how a store will fit in the state and local government area. Sufficient market research is being done before opening up any store. An example of innovative practice is a number of modifications being made in store design to address the community interest in Mullumb imby in New South Wales. Company has moved the loading shilling away from the car parking area to improve safety for shoppers and making changes to the faade so that the store will fit in better with the streetscape.Woolworths introduced a health kids program named Fresh Food Kids. This program helps in increasing the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables in kids. An interactive and educational website has also been launched under this step. there are many successful applicants to the program who have regarded it a success in developing and encouraging eating health and fresh food among kids.Woolworths aims at undertaking innovation through capacity and enhancing quality in its business processes. It has made a substantial commitment to its Project Refresh which refers to a framework in order to improve business performance and business restructuring programs through end-to end supply chain improvement.APPLYING VARIOUS FRAMEWORKS TO SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY OF WOOLWORTHSNow w e will apply the models discussed in member 2 to analyze the performance Woolworths sustainability strategy.Capabilities FrameworkPath-findingPath-finding refers to developing, crystallizing and articulating new directions, strategies, purposes and determine for the organization. Woolworths studied the environment in which the company is operating. It gave due importance to the areas and people affected by its operations and business. Through a continuous view the company realized that it is important to act responsibly towards the stakeholders of the company. So, it designed and true a strategy committed towards benefit of customers, shareholders, environment, climate and communities. Then company placed the Corporate Social Responsibility at the base of the bear so that there is no divergence from this basic objective through the execution of the strategy of sustainable growth. The directions decided to achieve the objectives of this strategy was command by the principles o f innovation, quality, transformation, environment and climate focus and social improvement.Engagement get people throughout the organization informed, committed and motivated to act to achieve the organizations purpose and future direction refers to engagement. Woolworths strategy involved people of the organization to achieve the desired target. The strategy at each step emphasizes on training of employees and workforce of the company so as to understand the need of new initiatives and learn to perform under new objectives. Woolworths has launched an Employee Matching acquaint (EMA) to support issues that are of particular, personal concern to its staff members and encourage the workforce of the company to help make a positive contribution to graceful causes. However, there is no involvement of customers and other stakeholders in strategy making process. No feedback or suggestions are taken while designing a policy which can impact the lives of general public.DevelopmentWoolwort hs have been in use(p) in developing its resources whether physical, technological or personnel. Redesigning of stores has been initiated as a strategic move to reduce waste and make them energy efficient. Personnel at all levels are being provided training to perform well in changed environments and with new hackneyeds. Also, company has changed its fleet of trucks and cars to reduce emission and fuel consumption. exercise ManagementThere is no set well established management system to assess the performance at each step of implementation of the strategy. In such a strategy where so many changes and new operations have been introduced there is a need of a expatiate and efficient performance management system also.IdentificationWoolworths strategy does not give a clear view of which of the organizations or societys current attributes, strategies will be retained and which will be changed under the plan of sustainability. selling and SellingThe sustainability strategy of Woolworth s lacks a detailed marketing plan. Although, understanding the market and innovating products as per the needs and expectations of customers is surely present in the plan but the strategy to enter new markets and tap existing untapped markets does not find any place in the sustainability of the company.Sustainability Implementation StrategyApplying the Sustainability Implementation Frameworks as suggested by Diesendorf the strategy of Woolworths is now explained. There are three levels discussed in this framework of sustainability development. These levels along with their presence in the sustainability strategy of Woolworths are discussed as followsLevel 0In this level the broad principles considered are generally ethical requirements. By ethics, we mean pertaining to questions of right or wrong, or good or bad. In the past, consideration of values and ethics was not popular in the business world. The ethical principles described under this framework are respect nature, respect cr eation and be generous in our respect.According to Diesendorf (2000) Those who are uncomfortable with starting from an ethical position ability consider that the above ethical principles are essential for the long term viability of the economy and society. Therefore, they could be seen as enlightened self-interest on the part of individuals and corporations planning for a long term future.In the strategy of Woolworths all the three principles are very well taken heraldic bearing off. There is perfect consideration for nature in the strategy and also humans whether employees, customers or shareholders all are respected and given due consideration while taking any step towards operation of strategic goals.Level 1At Level 1, the broad goals to conserve or compound inter- and intragenerational equity, human well-being, biodiversity and ecological uprightness are widely supported.Diesendorf added the conservation of cultural diversity here as a social analogue to the conservation of biodiversity.According to Diesendorf The goal of inter-generational equity is the basic thrust of the Brundtland definition of sustainable development. If we exact this goal, then it can be argued that we must also accept the need for intra-generational (that is, social) equity. It should be recalled that, in this chapter, equity does not mean equality, but rather equal opportunity. This goal is very well taken care of in Woolworths strategy. The company ensures of employing people in the organization irrespective of their cast, race, gender, cultural background and strictly on the basis of their educational qualification and experience.The conservation of natural capital, widely used in some models of sustainability, has been replaced here by the conservation of critical capital, because the former overlaps strongly with conservation of biodiversity and ecological integrity and, even where it does not, there are vast quantities of some forms of natural capital (for example, sand ) which are not in urgent need of conservation. Critical capital facilitates a focus on those forms of natural and human-made capital which are exist with damage, destruction or dispersion (for example, phosphorus, archaeological sites). This feature does lack in the strategy of Woolworths.Conservation of atmosphere and climate is not normally include as a sustainability goal. However, in view of the seriousness of the present panic and the fact that the potential effects of climate change impact on biodiversity, ecological integrity and human health, it has been listed explicitly here alongside critical capital. This goal have been given an important place in sustainability strategy of Woolworths as the retail giant aims at reducing the emission of carbon from its fleet of trucks and cars. Also, introduction of reusable bags in place of plastic bags proves that the company is committed to environmental and climate safety.Level 2This stage defines the standard criteria for sustain ability indicators. This stage explains that such criteria should be measurable, relevant, simple to use and understand, reliable, reproducible, and timely for decision making. Hart (1998) states Several authors suggest that sustainability indicators should, in addition, reflect something fundamental to the environmental, economic and social/cultural health of a community over generations.The sustainability strategy of Woolworths does include set targets which are represents in figures but there is no set measurable standards to judge and measure the achievements of the strategy.RECOMMENDATIONSFrom the analysis of sustainability strategy of Woolworths it is unequivocal that despite of being a successful strategy with corporate social responsibility as the basis of its operations there are authoritative key areas where the process is lacking.For the improvement of the strategic program certain recommendations have been discussed as followsThere should be a performance measurement a nd control system embedded in the strategy of sustainable growth. A proper assessment of performance at various stages and the regular feedback on the performance will help in removing any gaps in the level and dexterity decided for meeting objectives and actual achievement of such objectives.A system of feedback and suggestions from stakeholders should be designed. Such a feedback will help in improving the strategy and making the required changes as per the perception of general public about the initiatives taken by the company. It will ensure a fast and proper acceptance of the strategy by the stakeholders which is an essential element for the success of any strategy.There should be a proper system of intercommunicate stakeholders about the strategy. In the present plan no emphasis is given to communication of plans within and outside the organization. If the plans of the management are properly and expeditiously communicated they are easily grasped by the concerned parties and makes it easier for the workforce to contribute towards the achievement of desired organizational objectives.Woolworths is also expected to introduce innovation in its products. There have been several innovative steps taken by the company to improve its processes and service to public. The company operates in a exceedingly competitive environment of retail industry where the needs, demands and preferences of consumer changes very fast. To sustain in such an environment it is necessary to introduce innovative products also.ConclusionIn the words of Simon Susman The Good business journey is a business irresponsible for Woolworths. Many aspects of it are linked together to generate a multiplier effect reducing product miles by encouraging greater local sourcing we will open up opportunities for enterprise development and preferential procural reducing packaging will result in energy and paper savings thereby reducing the Woolworths carbon footprint.Corporate responsibility or Susta inability is fundamental to any companys responsibilities. At the same time it is also an opportunity for the company to establish its good image in front of its customers and shareholders. Thus, an integrated sustainability program as that of Woolworths is an important and successful method of managing environmental, economic as well as social risks. Moreover, such a strategy helps in identification of new opportunities, services, new products and new markets for expansion of business.Woolworths program of sustainability is strongly influenced by the strategies of international retailers such as Wal-Mart, and Marks Spencer. However ridiculous to this approach is the placement of South African perspective on the issues related with Social responsibility along with a strong focus on transformation initiatives and environmental safeguard.REFERENCESBrown, Christopher Stephen (2005), The sustainable Enterprise Profiting From Best Practice, Kogan PageBleischwitz, Raimund and Hennicke, pecker (2004), Eco-Friendly, Regulation and sustainable Business Towards a Governance Structure for Sustainable Development, Edward Elgar Publishing.Cocks, G.J. (2003), Bringing Life to Organizational Strategy, Mt Eliza Business Review, Winter/Spring, pp. 45-49Dunphy, dexter Benveniste, Jodie (2000) Sustainability The Corporate Challenge of the 21st Century, Allen Unwin.Egelhofff, W.G. (1993), big(p) Strategy or Great Strategy Implementation-Two ways of Competing in Global Markets, Sloan Management Review, Winter/Spring, pp. 37-50Epstein, Mark J. (2008), Making Sustainability Work Best Practices in Managing and Measuring Corporate Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.Edwards, Andres (2005), The Sustainability Revolution, New Society Publishers.Woolworths Limites (2007), Action Plan-2007-2010, National Packaging ConvenantRainey, David L. (2006), Sustainable Business Development Inventing the Future Through Strategy, Innovation, and Leadership, Ca mbridge University Press.Stead, W. Edward Stead, Jean Garner (2004), Suatainable strategic Management, M.E. Sharpe, Inc.Savitz, Andrew W. Weber, Karl (2006), The Triple Bottom Line How Todays Best -Run Companies are Achieveing Economic, Social and Environmental Success and How You Can Too, Jossey-BassWerbach, Adam (2009), Strategy for Sustainability A Business Manifesto, Harvard Business Press.Wirtenberg, Jeana Lipsky, David (2009), The Sustainable Enterprise Fieldbook When it All Comes Together, AMACOMInternet Sourcehttp//www.woolworthslimited.comhttp//www.woolworthslimited.com.auhttp//crreport08.woolworthslimited.com.

SUVs: Not Just Practical Essay -- miscellaneous

SUVs Not Just PracticalCar technology is advancing quickly and unstoppably. Along with that, the opinions of some vehicles see also changed, creating new mathematical functions that thus make them attractive for other clients. Following this tendency for more multifunctional machines, matchless kind of vehicle has increased its popularity as it combines the best of work vehicles and well-ordered automobiles. Therefore, a new market has been opened for the Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). SUVs creators dupe developed such a comfortable and practical interior by placing accessories, small gadgets, devices, pleasure add-ons, and many other things we could want or need. Beca practice of that, this instant it is easier than always, for a person who owns a SUV to do activities that were non considered appropriate for these vehicles not very long ago. Examples of this are how these SUVs respond to demands regarding road trips, field trips, all day usage, usage as entertainment cen ters, and nevertheless in family vehicle usage.For the purpose of understanding the uses presented above it is helpful to know its definition. A SUV corporation be described basically as a high-performance four-wheeled car built on a truck chassis, an element that gives a big part of its strength and durability. Even though, according to WordIQ.com, a SUV is a type of vehicle that combines the load-hauling and passenger-carrying capacity of a station wagon or minivan with features designed for off-road driving. In more recent eld, though, the term has also braggart(a) to include vehicles with similar size and style marketed as sport utility(prenominal) vehicles, save do not incorporate many off-road features. The SUVs is considered to be descending(prenominal) of commercial and military vehicles such as Jeep and Land Rover, starters of the genre. In the last 25 years, though, and even more in the last decade, they have become popular with urban buyers. Therefore, it has to f it the demands of urban buyers, who may use the SUVs to travel long distances.One very noticeable characteristic of forthwiths SUVs is that they have changed in order to be more fitting for long trips in them, keeping up with the competition for that market. Since a a couple of(prenominal) years ago these cars were used al close exclusively for work, the purpose for what they were created, the manufacturers were not paying too much attention on how comfortable they would be for spending a big amount of time in ... ...umerous utilities. The SUVs atomic number 50 provide that, and they will continue to improve in order to run into the need of the buyers in the next decades, which will probably search for products with even broader uses. This appears to indicate that the SUVs are slowly becoming the vehicle of the future, for they are the most likely candidates to win in one market, that, along with many others, seems to be destined to become every time more simple.Finally, what was only a type of vehicle with work purposes is now also popular in cities and with people that would not think they needed it a few years ago. Statistics are moving towards the SUVs taking over the automobile market all(prenominal) year a bigger number of them being bought. Still, the exterior of the SUVs has just changed during the last few years. This lead us to the conclusion that it is the redesign of the concept and interior of this type of car, not of the exterior, what has led to this major change of the use of it, which has been reflected on its current customers. They now not only give usefulness, but also comfort. This has led to the fact that we can do more things than ever with the every time more functional house vehicle.

Inadequate Social Change of Booker T. Washington Essay -- African Amer

There has been much debate over booker T. Washington and the effectiveness of his work at Tuskegee Institute. Some believe that he was a pioneer for mysterious education in a meter when few had the opportunity. Others believe that his conformity to the white ideal of what a black man should be hindered his ability to create real social intensify for his race. In his autobiography, Up From bondage, Washington maps out his life from its humble beginnings as a slave up through the success of his school, Tuskegee Institute. He is loyal to drop names of the important white businessmen and prominent citizens to get wind their support for his school. However, he is also quick to push his students to be amentiferous members of their confederation. Through closer examination, can Washingtons true views shine through? Did he win victories for his race through playacting by the rules of white society or did he give in to their demands in pursuit of his own glory and savior sta tus? Perhaps no one entrust ever know what was truly in his heart, but his public actions did non incite severe, complete, lasting social revelations for his African American br separates.In his Tuskegee school, he promoted the value of labor and hard work. The students built every building on the campus and took pride in their labor. They learned to read and write and many other industrial skills while working around the campus. Washington stated in his autobiography,My plan was to have them, while performing this service, taught the latest and best methods of labor, so that the school would non only get the benefit of their efforts, but the students themselves would be taught to see non only utility of labor,but beauty and lordliness (Washington 103).Washington restricted t... ...ar that his intentions might have been good but his functioning came out weak as he allowed himself to get consumed with desires for power and recognition. In the end, he became known in histo ry as an Uncle Tom build and unable to create any lasting change. But perhaps, his failure was all-important(a) to the development of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. Leaders of that time saw his weaknesses and this time they would not make the same mistakes. They learned through Booker T. Washingtons experience that playing by the white mans rules and moving up the ladder of their system would not give them the freedom they sought. Washington provided the experience needed to allow leadership that followed him to be successful in their fight for freedom.Works CitedWashington, Booker. Up From Slavery The Autobiography Of Booker T. Washington Aun Autobiography. Citadel, 2001.

Essay --

Picture the supreme dream machine. Is it a brand new Mustang right off the show room tarradiddle? Maybe it is a SUV with heated leather seats. Or it might by something fast and imported, like a Ferrari, Lamborghini, or Porsche. For some people, dream cars dont f alone down from the present or the future, but the past. But directting that dream car from the past isnt always easy. A lot of the times it is corrode away in some venerable barn or start in a field with weeds growing done the floorboard. When mortal finds that dream car in those conditions they can do a equalise different things they can build it into a barf rod. A rat rod is where the outside of the car is left rusty and in the formulate it was found in, and has a big powerful motor and a near(a) strong transmission. Or the other choice is to restore the car to its causality glory. When someone restore a car to its former glory thither are four main categories or steps that they need to do body go away, paint, interior, and engine/transmission. The first step in body work is to take the car apart so that it is easier to get rid of every the dents, paint, and rust. Then take out all of the interior, and take off the mirrors, hood, fenders, and all of the extra parts that will make it easier to get off the paint. pigment stripping methods usually fall into two main categories abrasive and chemical. In abrasive paint striping there is media blasting, and good old path sanding. The way media blasting works is the process of blasting an item with menial particles of various abrasive substances at an extremely high velocity in order to remove paint and rust off a vehicle. in that location are many materials used to media blast cars like walnut shell, moldable beads, baking soda, and different types of sand. D... ...ne have little power. If the original transmission is beingness used then it as well should be gone through and cleaned. If someone doesnt want to take th e time to take the engine apart and clean every little part and then move to remember where every little piece went then just replacing both the engine and transmission might be the way to go. buy a brand new engine and transmission has its advantages and its disadvantages. An advantage of purchase them new is that they have all new parts and are less likely to break and can take less time than victorious apart the engine. A disadvantage is that it can be more high-ticket(prenominal) than just using the old motor. By completing these steps an old rusted out car can be turned into the ultimate dream car. Whether it is turned in to a rat rod or in to the restored classic car, it is worth all that hard work to get that ultimate dream car.

Essay --

If you knocked soulfulnesss tooth out, do you think its fair for that person to get hold of your tooth out? If so, you agree with a law written by great power Hammurabi which states An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was one of the best have it offn Mesopotamian kings, and command the Babylon Empire from 1792-50 B.C.E. As his kingdom grew he knew he had to bring in concert the groups he controlled. He combined all these laws from different places into one enormous code. Hammurabi was one of the first people to write laws about taxes. The difference amidst Hammurabi and all these people he took the ideas from, is that Hammurabis taxes were not like taxes you know today, he did tax the people for money but he to a fault asked for grain and oils as payment.Hammurabis idea was to write laws to bring referee in the land, abolish the bad people, and protect the weak. Hammurabi was convinced that the gods selected him to bring right and structure to his people , and he took this task very passionately. Shortly after hike to power, he created his Code, 282 laws written to explain all relationships a...

Language and Literary Techniques in Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework S

Language and literary Techniques in Othello The language and literary techniques used in William Shakespeares Othello enrich the settings, plot, characters, and themes. Othello is a complex tragedy about good versus evil, loyalty, love, sexual jealousy, appearance versus reality, and intrigue, told in a first person point of view. The play takes place during the conversion in Venice, Italy and in Cyprus over three days. It is written in clean-living verse, usually unrhymed iambic pentameter. The protagonist, Othello, is a Moor well esteem by senators for his valiant service in war and married to Desdemona, a Venetian woman. The play is entitled Othello and the plot and action encompass him, frankincense supporting his position of protagonist. The antagonist, Iago, is an unscrupulous individualist who bitterly despises Othello. Iagos villainous and manifold scheme for revenge results in the deaths of Othello, Desdemona, Iagos wife, and Roderigo, a suitor of Desdemona. The play b egins in Venice where Othello and Desdemona are eloping. Othello is needed to lead the Venetian forces in Cyprus and must pull out immediately. Othello is joined at Cyprus by Desdemona, Iago, Emilia (Iagos wife), Roderigo, and Cassio (Othellos lieutenant). Iago falsely informs Roderigo that if Cassio were to die, Desdemona could be Roderigos wife. Iago therefore guilefully encourages Cassio to drink an excess of wine and in a drunken fight, instigated by Roderigo, Cassio wounds Montano, the governor of Cyprus, and Othello reprimands him. Meanwhile, Iago continually plants thoughts of sexual jealousy and suspicion in Othellos mind. He tries to convince Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful to him and she is having an affair with Cassio. In t... ...oston Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981.Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. late York Bantam Books, 1980.Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991.Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeares Tragic Heroes. N ew York Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970.Di Yanni, Robert. calibre Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986.Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993.Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968.Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No eviscerate nos.