College Course Preference Essay

Months from now, senior high school students will be graduating and will be entering a new chapter of their lives—college life. In line with this, the incoming college freshmen should have decided on what program they should take in college. Unfortunately, senior students nowadays are facing a dilemma on their college course preference. This quandary made the researcher conduct a study regarding the factors that influence seniors’ decision making in their college course preference. Information Technology, Nursing, and Hotel and Room Management are the usual courses that are taken up by many students because of the popularity. Some of them are constrained by their parents’ desire while some based their choice to one’s mental capacity. Some are hindered by their family status and there are those who still pursue their dreams. Some are undecided and end up taking a course which doesn’t fit them. The seniors are loaded with a pile of school works, their theses, and basic accountancy. On weekends, some still find time to spend it with their friends in malls, computer shops, play basketball or just dillydally despite their busy schedule while some make use of these days to study their next lessons or prepare for their incoming thesis defense. These things made them forget that soon, they will be leaving this school and they need to pick a course and find a university or college. They even missed to search for courses and universities they might want to apply to but instead they arrive applying for a course they don’t even like. The researcher desires to help the seniors and the next batches in deciding on what course to take in college by determining the factors that may influence them. The researcher wanted them to have an easier way to make a choice through presenting the respondents options that will determine the factors influencing their college course preference. This may also help the guidance counselor of the school in advising the students who are experiencing dilemma regarding their college course preference.

A Journey into Rolf’s Repressed Self

When assigned to read the short stories in class to summarize and learn to paraphrase, there was one story in particular that emotionally touched me. This short story was â€Å"And of Clay Are We Created† by Isabell Allende. I found many great points that could be discussed about the story, and that is why I chose it to be a part of this research paper.This story is a touching momentum of a man's penetrating awakening that he no longer has to suffer from the emotional torment that was inflicted upon him during is childhood. Rolf, â€Å"like a flower sinking into the mud† (367) has sank into himself; a self that is magnetized with cataclysmic devastation and desolation. The volcano has erupted to bring an avalanche of despair, so does this same volcano explode, bursting to eventually bring calm and equanimity.Isabell Allende has Rolf Carle, a news reporter fly out to the devastating scene where you are introduced to Azucena, a young girl, stuck in the mud. Rolfe Carle st ays with Azucena in hopes of saving her from this catastrophe but in the meantime, he Journeys through his repressed childhood memories. It is important to investigate repressed memories so you could courageously move forward to live a fuller life, instead of blocking these memories and living in the past. This paper will slightly take you through Rolf Carle's emotions, the effects these memories can have, and how to overcome them.I found it ironic how Rolf Carle is close to many people's histories when investigating the incident being a reporter but he is so distant with his own and we see this when he is telling his stories to Azucena. Rolf connected with Azucena at a level of experience, whether it was physical or emotional, they became one and shared hings with each other, some things being on a different level. This connection occurred because Rolf saw himself like Azucena â€Å"trapped in a pit without escape, buried in life, his head barely above ground† (Allende, 363) .It is apparent that Rolf, like the buried and trapped girl, has submerged his own suppressed and hidden visceral terror; terror concealed from reality, that when it is unearthed, it is â€Å"intact and precise as if it had lain always in his mind, waiting† (Allende, 362). Like the deceased relatives who weigh down Azucena by clinging on her legs, so too is Rolf eighed down, incapacitated and paralyzed by the hauntingly vivid repressed memories. Rolf seemed to be trapped in pain as Azucena was in the mud, and confronting the thoughts of the girl dying was tough.Azucena taught him to pray, and eventhough it might have been consolation for herself, she later provides support for Rolfe when he was suffering through his past memories. This moment with Azucena, showed Rolf now to contront his own pains and memories, memories t I d witn humiliation, shame, fear, and regret. Rolfs emotional break down, as displayed with Azucena, resulted in him rising above the vultures and helicopt ers†¦ flying] above the vast swamp and corruption† (366). The question of importance and focus is not how this took place.In other words, it is not the line of successive actions and conversations, told and untold, that led to his decisive moment of freedom that is important. It is the cognitive and emotional process of a child who has been abused and chooses to either suppress or repression those traumatic painful memories. Indeed Rolf goes through a transformative change. But for 30 years he has â€Å"lived† or choose to forget certain events that took place in his life. The reader is never told in ull detail the abuse that was inflicted upon Rolf. We are given the illusion of a being beat with a belt then put in a closet.Such a painful event indeed was resulted in the present moment of physical pain, as well as, the present and future psychological damage done to Rolf, not mentioning the effects that it had on his sister. We are reminded time and again by surviv ors of abuse that emotional abuse is far worse because â€Å"the body is meant for recovering and healing physical wounds, the evidence is in scars, but the mind has a difficult time reacting to emotional abuse ecause it is counterproductive and counter intuitive in an unhealthy and unnatural way' (abused victim who chooses to remain anonymous).When dealing with painful events, especially when occurring during childhood, a child often times chooses to either repress or suppress the memories hoping that he or she will never have to relive that moment. â€Å"A repressed memory, according to some theories of psychology, is a memory (often of a traumatic nature) of an event or environment, which is stored by the unconscious mind but outside the awareness of the conscious mind† (pyshowiki), whereas, suppressed memories are those memories hat are forgotten by choice.The question now becomes did Rolfs unconscious mind repress the memory or was it by choice that he suppressed his ch ildhood experience? The answer first comes with an understanding that â€Å"memories stay in the brain for life† (Martin Dak). It is important to understand that â€Å"repressed memories do not disappear† (changingminds. org). â€Å"We can only bury memories for so long before they resurface† (Effect on the Mind). A person tends to â€Å"forget memories† because the fear of facing reality has invaded his or her life and he or she no longer has the fortitude o properly be engaged in the present moment.Like an earthquake that shatters glass into millions of pieces and demolishes massive infrastructures into complete and utter ruin; so too can the effects of repressed memories play in a person's life. If repressed memories are not received, accepted, and properly discussed, a lifetime of tortured reality can unfold in a person's life. We don't have to look any farther than the 30 years of life that Rolf lived. The reader is never given a glimpse into his lif e after the abuse. We are told he has a relationship with a girl and that he is a reporter.Only with extremely caution, lest we stereotype that all reporters and journalists nave been through emotional hazards during their childh , but one nas to conclude that his Job does keep him moving from one situation to the next, avoiding having to ever think about his own issues and life. People that have repressed memories could possibly have disorders like post- traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. â€Å"Dwelling on such emotions†¦ is overwhelmed by extreme mental trauma (Novella). One could also experience traumatic amnesia, â€Å"this involves the loss of memories of traumatic experiences† (Kolk).

Fire Management Essay

I. INTRODUCTION: In the early decades of the 20th century, The Philippine government adopted a policy of aggressive fire suppression. Professional firefighters were trained to detect and fight fires, and fire stations were built in strategic areas throughout our country. The aim of fire suppression is, first, to stop or slow down the rate of a fire’s spread, and secondly, to put it out. There are three components to any fire — fuel, temperature, and oxygen — which have become known as the fire triangle. To suppress a fire, firefighters must break this triangle, by removing the combustible materials, by reducing its temperature, or by smothering it so that it has no oxygen. Suppressing fires became considerably more effective after World War II and when new fire trucks, helicopters, smokejumpers, fire retardant clothes and new fire fighting strategies were introduced into the fight against fires. It seemed as if the raging infernos that had destroyed property and terrorized people would become the gigantic disasters of the past, limited to small outbreaks that could be quickly brought under control. It has been observed that when people hear fire or smoke alarms, their first response is typically to try to find the reason for the alarm rather than immediately escaping or reporting a fire. In some situations, no one is present to hear an alarm or if they do hear it, they may choose to ignore it entirely. If they realize it is a fire, they may try to fight it themselves, warn or assist others, or collect belongings The type of building in which a fire alarm activates is a key factor in the way people respond. Typically, an alarm in a home leads to a very fast response by occupants while response to an alarm in public assembly occupancy could be expected to be slow. This suggests that source of call measures stratified by occupancy type would be informative in examining total response time measures. Fire spread may also be affected by fire notification and dispatch. The more time it takes to notify the fire department, the more time fire has to spread. However, monitoring services may be more likely than individuals to report confined fires, since individuals are likely to put these minor fires out themselves. To identify this, the source of the call would have to be examined along with fire spread. Compared to all buildings, a building with an alarm monitoring system may be more likely to be equipped with an automatic fire detection and/or suppression system, which would increase the likelihood that a fire would be detected early or contained to the room of origin. The measure might be further strengthened by examining the percentage of calls made by either individuals or alarm monitoring services by presence or absence of automatic suppression systems. In the National Capital Region with a population of 11.86 Million, it is where most of the biggest and disastrous fire transpired thus, effective and efficient firefighting is very essential. Unfortunately, the BFP firefighters were lack in proper personal protective equipments and modern firefighting equipments which is very significant in carrying out their mandated tasks. II. RELATED ISSUES AND CONCERNS: There are several studies, some of which date back to the 1970’s, that highlight important performance measures for fire departments to consider when evaluating workload, performance, efficiency, and effectiveness. There have been some key changes in fire codes since the 1970’s. This can have an impact on measures of fire department performance. Fire detection and suppression equipment is now required in most new construction. For the fire service, the desired fire protection outcomes – which are not easily measured – include fires prevented or suppressed, and ultimately the human life and property preserved. You cannot measure a program without first clearly identifying the goals and purpose of that program, in other words the intended outcome. Goal statements are qualitative statements that typically generalize the intended outcome of a program in words rather than numbers. This is the first step to evaluating performance. Once intended goals are establi shed, the department must identify the functions or actions that are taken in order to achieve said goal. They must also consider available resources – whether monetary, equipment, or person-hours. Why measure performance? Robert Behn points out, â€Å"neither the act of measuring performance nor the resulting data accomplishes anything itself; only when someone uses these measures in some way do they accomplish something.† Performance measures are the quantitative or numerical representation of activities and resources that help evaluate whether the goal is met. The easiest and best way of applying quantitative performance measures to qualitative goal statements is to specifically identify target rates or percentages for each goal. For example, one qualitative goal statement for the fire department might be to â€Å"control fire spread upon arrival.† The department could use the measure: percentage of fires that did not spread beyond the area of origin after arrival of the fire department. When talking to public administrators and town officials, saying 88% of fires did not spread beyond the area of origin after fire department arrival doesn’t really mean much without an identified target goal. Of course, ideally everyone wants 100% of fires confined to the area of origin, but it is not always the case. Realistic target goals should be set. Communities aren’t static; they grow and change over time. Population size and characteristics can change. Building types and construction materials can change. A change in department policy (i.e., personnel levels, inspection frequency) can affect performance. The fire department should take all of these issues into consideration and compare its own community’s characteristics and department policy over time. According to The Rand Fire Project, any public service must be measured by its effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. Effectiveness is concerned with the basic reason for providing the service. Measures of effectiveness determine how well a service does what it is supposed to do. To determine effectiveness, it’s important to look beyond immediate output and determine the associated consequences of that output. Efficiency is concerned with how well resources are used in providing the service. Efficiency measures are an economic criterion, most often associated with money. Equity is concerned with the relationship between those who pay and those who benefit. Equity measures look at the fairness in levels of service provided and citizen expectation (Chaiken and Ignall). III. POLICY ISSUES: The Manila Fire District (MFD) reaffirms five broad goals: 1. Improve Fire/Emergency Response Operations 2.1 Enhance the Department’s preparedness to respond to fires, emergencies, disasters and acts of terrorism. The Department’s highest priority continues to be to enhance its operational capacity to respond to fires, pre-hospital care emergencies, building collapses and hazardous materials incidents, as well as natural disasters, terrorist acts and other emergencies. 2.2 Fire Management Program 2.3.1 Pre-Suppression 2.3.2.1 Training: All personnel shall receive training in first aid, fireline safety, fire behavior and techniques and methods of fire suppression. This shall include periodic hands-on training with hand tools and equipment, as well as crew and fireline organization. Supervisors and fire management personnel need special training in fire control tactics to insure their competence when directing fire suppression operations. 2.3.2.2 Pre-attack planning is required at Administrative Staff and Branch levels for the gathering, coordinating and recording of intelligence, as well as the construction of certain fire control facilities, to insure the rapid and efficient suppression of fire on any given area. Pre-attack planning will include: (a) Assess and map existing facilities, firelines and access route, which are judged to be important to the successful control of fires. (b) Identify and propose additional facilities, firelines, and other aids to fire control, including maintenance required. (c) An estimate of personnel, equipment, and other factors needed including other agency cooperators that will provide for safe and efficient fire control. (d) Identify natural and physical resources of special importance. (e) Construct and maintain new lines and facilities according to plan, by priority, as funds and time permit. (f) Keep pre-attack plans current to annual field checks and revisions. 1.2.1.3. Equipment and Material Readiness (a) Will acquire, account for, and maintain specialized equipment and material used in support of fire control activities, such as telecommunications and computer equipment. (b) Will maintain firefighting equipment and material in safe condition and state of readiness. (c) Will maintain an adequate inventory of equipment, material and supply. 2.3.2 Suppression (a) The incident commander is responsible for all activities and operations on the fire. He may delegate more responsibility to assistants as organizational needs grow, but he is always the final authority and bears total responsibility. (b) Coordinate with Barangay and Volunteer Fire Brigades for immediate suppression of fire and other emergencies. 2.3.3 Demobilization (a) Completion of all reports related to the fire. (b) Repair and maintenance of all equipment used on the fire and replacement of items rendered unserviceable or expended. (c) Debriefing and critique will be conducted as appropriate. Important items of information gained will be incorporated in the final fire report. 2. Improve Fire Prevention and Safety Education 2.1 Prevention A major responsibility for every Branch is to keep the community informed on the need for sound fire protection. Prevention of fire is a continuous effort. Fire is an ever present danger, and, to be effective, fire prevention must be constantly practiced. Each fire prevention program should analyze the common cause of fire, identify fire hazards and risks existing in the protection area, and propose measures to reduce the threats of fire and fire damage. Branch fire prevention strategies shall include the following: (a) Tri-Media and websites. (b) Talks to schools, civic organizations, etc. (c) Public notices/news releases declaring high fire danger periods. (d) Posting of fire prevention/high fire danger warning signs and posters. The new Fire Code of the Philippines (RA 9514) went into effect December 2008 as part of the Country continued commitment to ensure public safety. The Manila Fire District remains vigilant in its mission to protect lives and property through inspections and enforcement. The Department’s approach represents a continuum of services that includes an array of prevention, inspection, investigation and educational activities and programs. The Fire Department will continue to develop fire prevention, inspection and educational programs to make communities safer and expand its efforts to implement a risk-based inspection program. Guided by the RA 9514, MFD is undertaking a comprehensive review of its fire prevention and fire suppression efforts. The aim is to better assess and quantify fire and hazard risk in the community in terms of the possibility of loss or injury and assign defined, quantifiable values of risk and hazards. The Department will identify and analyze risk by adopting a sound, scientific approach and, through the use of state-of-the-art technology, integrate data collection and dissemination of critical information to the field. The end result will be to modify current operating standards and improve prevention and suppression response, accordingly. The first of these efforts is to research and modify its inspection programs, as follows: i. Establish a risk-based inspection program that will enable the MFD to focus its fire prevention resources on the buildings and hazards in neighborhoods facing the greatest risk of a serious fire, hazmat incident or other large-scale emergency. ii. Develop criteria for risk-based assessments of buildings, sites, hazards, construction and demolition and create a risk-based inspection scheduling system. iii. Develop improved workflows and business processes for risk-based inspections, data collection, data retrieval and analysis using information from various other City agencies. The MFD provides educational seminars and on-site inspection to Building Owners and occupants too ensure compliance. The MFD will: i. Notify the owner/occupants of building or structure regarding increased enforcement through the issuance of violations and court summons for failure to comply with the law. ii. Utilize a Task Force to supplement enforcement of the Fire Code of the Philippines. iii. Ensure drills are scheduled and held at each site for participation by commercial high-rise building tenants. iv. Develop criteria for risk-based assessments of buildings, sites, hazards, construction and demolition and create a risk-based inspection scheduling system. 3. Enhance the Health and Safety of MFD Members The Department is committed to improving the safety and well-being of all MFD emergency responders. MFD has emphasized a renewed effort to improve operational safety management and behavior through heightened hazard-risk awareness, an emphasis on injury prevention and by intensely promoting among all members the importance of safety each and every day to prevent injuries or fatalities. The MFD through its Emergency Medical Services, is in the process of designing, piloting and implementing various projects to meet the needs of the Fire and EMS workforce. The goal of the program is to improve the way in which safety is managed within the fire service and direct management efforts at critical safety-related behaviors, resulting in a change in members’ attitudes, values and beliefs about safety. The EMS program and its safety message aims: 3.1 To reach all BFP personnel who are required to adhere to an annual medical appointment. The program content incorporates accident data and ambulance driver profiles, identifies road hazards and reviews safety operating procedures and protocols to ensure the safety of personnel. 3.2 Further promote operational safety management and behavior by reinforcing the FDNY safety culture. 3.3 Participate in a national, multi-year academic research project to develop a world-class safety management system within MFD for members of the Fire and Emergency Medical Service. 3.4 Promote Critical Incident Stress Management through peer debriefing sessions for all emergency responders at an incident site. 4. Strengthen Management and Organizational Development Promote organizational effectiveness and develop leadership capabilities. The MFD continues to strengthen its management capabilities by providing ongoing opportunities for additional training, the refinement of performance management methods and increased access to comprehensive analytical reports and data. Fire Departments respond to a wide range of emergency incidents. This guideline identifies standard operating guidelines that can be employed in establishing command. The system provides for the effective management of personnel and resources providing for the safety and welfare of personnel. It also establishes guidelines for the implementation of all components of ICS for structural/fire operations. Command Guidelines are designed to: 4.1.Fix the responsibility for command on a specific individual through a standard identification system, depending on the arrival sequence of members, companies, and chief officers. 4.2. Ensure that a strong, direct, and visible command will be established from the onset of the incident.   4.3. Establish an effective incident organization defining the activities and responsibilities assigned to the Incident Commander and to other individuals operating within ICS.   4.4. Provide a system to process information to support incident management, planning, and decision making. The Incident Commander is responsible for the completion of the tactical priorities. The tactical priorities are: a. Remove endangered occupants and treat the injured. b. Stabilize the incident and provide for life safety. c. Conserve property. d. Provide for the safety, accountability, and welfare of personnel. This priority is ongoing throughout the incident. ICS is used to facilitate the completion of the tactical priorities. The INCIDENT COMMANDER is the person who drives ICS towards that end. The Incident Commander is responsible for building an ICS organization that matches the organizational needs of the incident to achieve the completion of the tactical priorities for the incident. The Functions of Command define standard activities that are performed by the Incident Commander to achieve the tactical priorities. 5. Increase Diversity Continue to advance and support initiatives in the recruitment, retention and promotional advancement of men and women of diverse backgrounds in the fire protection and emergency medical service. A top priority of the Department is to continue to expand its successful efforts to diversify its uniformed workforce through its Recruitment Unit and various recruitment programs. The percentage of young men and women of diverse backgrounds entering the Fire Academy has been increasing steadily. The Department’s latest recruitment campaign was tremendously successful. The Department will continue targeted recruitment for future Firefighter Civil Service examinations that focuses on recruiting young men and women of diverse backgrounds. Department will: (1) Continue ongoing, year-round outreach for EMS recruitment. (2) Implement a Physical Preparation Program for EMS candidates called to take the Physical Agility Test (PAT). (3) Continue to expand outreach and mentoring efforts in div erse communities throughout the City and increase the visibility of career opportunities in firefighting and EMS. IV. ALTERNATIVE POLICY MEASURES: A. Continue to research, pilot and expand the use of new and innovative firefighting techniques to enhance operational tactics, response and Incident Command. B. Enhance coordination with other NGOs and Volunteer Fire Brigades for new and modernized fire fighting methods. C. Enhance and develop additional fire prevention and educational outreach programs to make communities safer. D. Implement a risk-based priority inspection scheduling system and wireless handheld tools to automate field inspections. E. Implement the review and approval of Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) for commercial high-rise buildings. The MFD must establish an EAP Unit within the Bureau of Fire Prevention to review and approve plans submitted by commercial building owners in compliance with RA 9514. F. Continue to improve on-scene safety for Fire/EMS responders by developing additional scene safety initiatives, including conducting an Fire/EMS hazard assessment Department-wide survey and establishing a Hazard Ass essment Committee. V. CONCLUSION: Calls to fire departments can come in from many avenues. The four major response types include: fire incident calls, EMS calls, HazMat calls, and other calls such as service calls, or false alarms. Individuals and alarm monitoring services are the major sources for calls to fire departments. The fire department has no direct involvement in how quickly a fire is discovered once it starts and how promptly the fire is reported once it has been discovered. In the best case scenario, someone notices a fire when it starts and reports the fire immediately after evacuating, but this does not always happen. Fire departments may arrive to several different scenarios at a fire scene. Fire scene scenarios include: fire extinguished before arrival of firefighters, fire contained to the room of origin before or after arrival of firefighters, or fire spread beyond room of origin before or after arrival of firefighters. In some scenarios, a person may need to be rescued from a building or fire scene . There may also be fatalities or injured victims on scene who require medical aid. The purpose of this to identify the top priorities of the Department, describe significant strategic management initiatives and future actions. This Policy is seeks to provide the public, Department and its members with a clear framework for the future to work together with its many partners to ensure the delivery of, fire protection and other emergency care, investigation, inspection and preventive and educational services that the citizens and visitors to People have a right to expect. The initiatives contained in this Policy will require consultation with and support from other local government units, as well as the private sector and the City’s relevant labor organizations. In addition to the new objectives outlined, the MFD will continue to monitor the progress and completion of those key objectives The MFD is dedicated to its mission and core values and to serve and protect the City of Manila. This Policy represents the commitment to respond to emergencies and simultaneously provides an opportunity to evaluate its core services and set new standards as an organization to meet its future challenges. REFERENCES: National Fire Protection Association Fire Code of the Philippines, RA 9514 Ahrens, M., Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires, NFPA Division of Fire Analysis and Research, July 2009. Ammons, D., Municipal Benchmarks: Assessing Local Performance and Establishing Community Standards, Sage Publications, Second Edition, 2001. Chaiken, W., Ignall, E., Fire Department Deployment Analysis: A Public Policy Analysis Case Stud, The Rand Fire Project, A Rand Corporation Research Study, 1979. Cline, D., Organizational Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation, NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 20th edition, Volume II, Chapter 12.2, 2008. Hall, J.R. Jr., Flynn, J., Grant, C. Measuring Code Compliance Effectiveness for Fire-Related Portions of Codes, the National Fire Protection Association and Fire Protection Research Foundation, 2008.

The role of the human resources Director in a multi-national company Essay

The role of the human resources Director in a multi-national company - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that organizations worldwide often strive for high performance through well-laid strategies. However, it is technology and wise decisions that often influence several factors which are essential in managing global virtual teams. Global virtual teams often operate through enhanced communication and enhanced technology. Team participation and conflict management equally form part of improving leadership in areas such as Asia and Europe. Demonstrating effective leadership as a Human Resources Director (HRD) when working for a multi-national company requires skill and competence in order to attain maximum success. It begins with a display of leadership steps that are suited for a corporate culture especially when operating in offices based Asia and Europe. Therefore, it is vital to understand the operation of global virtual teams in relation to the existing culture and different time zones in such markets. Second, mapping out ways of gaining a strategic advantage is critical because it enables the organization to use a combination of other factors that include the application of theories and principles of teamwork. Additionally, leveraging on international presence is essential because it increases the chances of attracting more customers. In other words, there is an increase of responsiveness toward transforming hyper-competitive markets that define the overall success.

Food Policy - milk and dairy products Coursework

Food Policy - milk and dairy products - Coursework Example Introduction With the never ending growth of world population there has been steady increase in the demand for food. Also in the last few decades there has been growth in harvest, increase in income of human beings and introduction of variety of dietary disciplines. In 2000, the ratio of demand and supply was such there was a decline in food prices. However, from 2004 onwards prices of most food grains began to rise although there has been growth of production. This is because the rapid increase of global population leads to demand of food that far exceeds its production. The piles of food stocks became depleted, and then in 2005, those countries whose primary occupation is agriculture were seriously affected by extreme weather conditions which hampered food production in those countries. The production of cereal all over the world had fallen by 2.1 percent by 2006. Then there was a steep increase of oil prices in 2007 which increased the costs of fertilizers and other associated cos ts of food production. All these had a devastating effect on the world population especially those sections of the population who are financially vulnerable. As the prices of food reached record breaking high levels, every country resorted to all possible means to protect themselves from the potential crises like scarcity of food supplies and further increases of production costs. Countries who are major exporters of food began to impose restrictions on exports to check the flow of food outside the boundaries. On the other hand major food importing countries began to purchase food from the global market at any available prices. All these factors resulted in creating panic and instability in the international grain markets. This also encourages investors to put their money in grain futures and options markets. For all these reasons, there was further steady increase of food prices. In the subsequent years, a trend was observed that led to apparent stabilization of prices of food item s. But even then prices are expected to remain in the high or medium range thus providing no promise of relief to the poorer populations (Global issues: food, n.d.). Food policies in every country must focus on controlling the price of food to make essential food items accessible to even the poorest segment of world population. Food items that have universal demand among population of all ages are milk and dairy products, hence the objective of food policies should be to ensure safe and hygienic production, transportation, packaging and distribution of milk. The purpose of this paper is to define the parameters of food policy in the global scenario with special emphasis on milk and dairy products. Definition of food policy Food policy can be defined as a set or sets of plans of actions to accomplish certain purposes related to food products. Although governments play a vital role in designing and implementation of food policies, nevertheless the contribution and responsibility of th e private sectors and civilian societies are no less important. Food policies essentially create definite goals to be achieved for the food system and its different stages of food production and distribution. The various stages range from availability of natural resources, production of food, processing, marketing and consumption of food. Food policies also focus on

Juxtapositions of the modern and the archaic Essay

Juxtapositions of the modern and the archaic - Essay Example It was extremely absurd; when his aunt continuously corrected him to be addressing respectable black man by the initials, Mr. Her aunt told him that he should address them by the name nigger. This went on until young children got used to addressing black people as Negros. White men held rituals that showed respect and affection to maintain the impression of personal relationship that never existed. Black men used the initials Mr. once addressing a white man and Miss to a woman (Ayers 100). This never happened when white people were addressing black people as they addressed them rather by their names, which was a sign of disrespect. Black women did not have the privilege of having the initials Mrs by their names but instead assumed the name of an â€Å"aunt† prior their first names. Black men’s address was Negros, which mostly was evident in the newspapers or just as two boys were killed. It was not customary for the two races to shake hands or socialize in public beside s black men to removing their hats in public places especially those meant for the whites, but white people did not remove hats in homes owned by black people. There were days that were set aside for black people to shop and socialize. Saturday was set aside for black people to shop and socialize thus white people did not go to towns. ... Many white and black people tried to create a humane relationship even though hate and dislike characterized the then atmosphere in the atmosphere. The whites believed that being kind to the old and respectable blacks was a sign of strong character. Rituals that revealed race relationship normally marked the Christmas holiday. Southern blacks celebrated Christmas as a moment of white giving gifts to the blacks and offering freedoms. However, the ritual went on fading, and it only remained in some plantations (Ayers 102). This practice remained in some parts since the white people deemed that black people were naturally beggars. This annoyed the white people as blacks begged from morning to evening. Besides, black Negroes demonstrated that there were laws in Christmas. They could move around the streets making jokes and shouting since they recognized themselves as equals to white people. When black people had nobody else to turn to, they sought help from the white people. They begged for bread and others edible stuffs during Christmas, though some could resolve to toil for themselves. For illustration, there was woman left by  the   husband, and he had to borrow food for Christmas. His husband who fled with another woman left her, and she worked all day long to provide for his family. There are laws, which barred or discouraged rural urban - race relations. Sectors like rural roads, cotton grins and stores; there was no evidence of segregation. Anglers and hunters respected laws and rules as long they were fair regardless of law. White and black men used to work together in these sectors besides seen around fireplaces while women cooked from the same kitchen,

Economic Change Effect Frauds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Economic Change Effect Frauds - Research Paper Example Workers are lower increasing financial difficulty since their residence discards in merit and their removal funds evaporate. Companies in about all segments are serious expenditures in toting up to dishonest off workers. Addition price have been dipping (North 2002). Self-worth is descending. Anxiety is stirring. The grouping of these conditions might generate a climate grown for misleading action. Even though both judgment and knowledge inform us so as to the risk of fraud could be keen in the current economy, it is almost unfeasible to measure the factual quantity of fraud happening at several known time. The enormous preponderance of fraudsters gets action to hide their crimes. Consequently, several frauds might not at all be trapped. Other strategies might be committed for years previous to they are exposed. In addition to, still amid those that are noticed, a great figure of cases would never be accounted, permitting them to stay concealed from the public eye. Therefore, no prec ise calculation of the height of fraud throughout the contemporary recession could subsist. However, examining the relationship between frauds along with a diluted economy is an important attempt. To obtain a pulsation on how the economy is touching fraud tendencies, the ACFE left to the professionals who are in the ditches hostility fraud on an every day basis. By reviewing anti-fraud experts about their knowledge and explanation, we expect to increase a number of imminent into the association between economic downswings and misleading action (Galbraith 2004). Evaluation The height of fraud has enhanced given that the starting of the economic disaster. We inquired peoples to contrast the stage of fraud they meet up throughout the 12 months previous the review (from near the beginning 2008 throughout early on 2009) to the figure of frauds they have seen or practiced in former years. Through recognizing alterations in the stage of seen deceptive action all through this age, we could collect a wide vision of the connection between the contemporary economic recession as well as executive offense (Galbraith 2004). To assist measure the degree of several seen alter, we subdivided the height of fraud into two metrics: numeral of cases and monetary shock. In addition, 49% seen an enhancement in the dollar sum lost to fraud throughout the similar era. At the same time as it is too quickly to obtain a obvious image of precisely how much fraud has started because the creation of the contemporary economic bend, the facts supplied by review individuals (particularly when joined with the deliberation of how much fraud has not up till now been noticed) offers a first-class sign that fraud is certainly on the mount. The reason of this inquiry is to study the publications on output externalities, with specific focus on the IRS, has evolved on the front lines of the method recounted above. This is significant for some reasons. Returns the first, encompassing the IRS (or in the broader sense, a skidding scale (VRS)) in a general equilibrium form of flawless affray can disclose precious data about the function of the IRS performances in working out worldwide trade to relation to a customary perform of unchanging returns to scale (CRS) - for demonstration, the environment of non-Pareto-optimal set of non-CRS, and its political consequences.  

Masculinity in commercials Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Masculinity in commercials - Research Paper Example Most movies illustrate that men with a lot of wealth are greatly admired many people in the society (Valentine, 2011). This also associates they power within the society. This makes them become role models within the society. Therefore; most persons would want to get to their levels. Men in successful business are also admired because of several reasons. One of the traits that makes them be greatly admired is the wealth of experience they posses. The experience enables to solve the daily problems they encounter at their work place (Anderson, 2007). The ability to solve problems is a character that is greatly admired by many. The major focus that makes them be admired is because of the wealth they posses. Wealth is admired by all people in the world. Movies and sports constantly display physical attractiveness men display. Physical attractiveness can be defined as the extent at which the physical traits of a person are pleasing aesthetically (Jones, 2010). Physical attractiveness also mean sexual attractiveness the men have. Physical attractiveness demonstrated by men depends on several factors. Some of these factors include the physical aspect of men. Physical attractions encompass perceptions that are universal besides those based on human cultures. In some instances, the term physical attractiveness also depends on the subjective preferences of the person judging a particular scenario. In movies, people have greatly admired males that are not only intelligent but also honest. According to research done in the United Kingdom, the results revealed that there is a stronger relationship between physical attractiveness and male gender attributes. The results showed that men who were physically attractive were equally intelligent. This is one of the reasons as to why people admire males that are physically attractive. They assume that they are also intelligent. Currently; psychologists are also contributing to the debate. They suggest that males that are physically attractive should be intelligent averagely (Little, 2006). According to psychologist, general intelligence, physical attractiveness is one of the contributing factors to genetic fitness in most men. The fitness most men display in sports like Rugby and football is attributed to physical attractiveness. This also makes men be attractive. Women admire men that are taller and are muscular. This guarantees them security from any form of harm. Further, the female genders prefer men that posses’ facial symmetry. Men should have facial dimorphism and a waist that is narrow. Finally, the shape of the torso should be a V-shaped. Sexual dimorphism trait in men is greatly admired in several ways. For example, heterosexual women prefer masculine face traits throughout their developmental stages. The aspects of masculine faces that are greatly admired include a fore head that is broad. A lower face that is relatively longer is equally admired in men. A brow and chin that is prominent is equally admired. Published literature reveals that males that are masculine have higher chances of achieving higher status in the society. Such Socio cultural factors associated with masculine traits also make men be admired (Christian, 2012). Other masculine traits are the perceived attractiveness in the society and conformity to genders. These factors play a great role in the preferences women have towards men. Beautiful women select masculine men with facial dimorphism. Their association with such men increases their

Spirituality,Religion,and Social Work Research Paper

Spirituality,Religion,and Social Work - Research Paper Example The relationship between religion, spirituality and social work, however, is not a recent phenomenon, but in fact has existed historically and share a consistent relationship. Such a positive and co-dependent relationship between religion, spirituality and social work, can be attributed to the Postmodernist society we live in today, where there has been a steady and systematic increase in the introduction of new social work policies, which assimilate religion and spirituality; and where the social workers, are known to have a more positive approach towards the inclusion of religion and spirituality within the spheres of social work. There have been various studies which have documented the effect, introduction, assimilation and impact of religion and spirituality within the domains of social work (Furman, Benson, Canda, & Grimwood, 2005; Sheridan & Amato-Von Hemert, 1999; Sheridan, Bullis, Adcock, Berlin, & Miller, 1992). This paper, discusses the various signifcance of the problem, and the impact of such an inclusion on social work and workers. Definition and Meaning of Terms: Religion and Spirituality These terms are defined in various ways by different authors, and research literature on the subject implies that there is no one clear or specific definition for either of these terms. Hence defining the terms in a precise manner has been a challenging task for the authors, since it encompasses a wide area of subjects and concepts. However for the purpose of this study, a general and commonly used definition is taken into consideration. Spirituality is defined as: "a complex, intrapsychic dimension of human development† (Derezotes, 1995, p.1) â€Å"the relationship of the human person to something or someone who transcends themselves† (Bullis, 1996, p. 2), â€Å"devotion to the immaterial part of humanity and nature† (Barker, 1995, p. 363), â€Å"the human search for purpose and meaning of life experiences† (Sheridan & Amato-von Hemer t, 1999, p. 129), â€Å"a relationship to force greater than oneself† (Netting, Thibault & Ellor, 1990), and â€Å"the essence of the individual† (Carroll, 1997, p. 27), or â€Å"one’s basic nature† (Carroll, 1998, p. 2). Religion on the other hand is defined as: â€Å"the external de?nition of faith† (Joseph, 1988, p. 444), â€Å"a search for the signi?cant in ways related to the sacred† (Pargament, 2002, p. 169), â€Å"an organized set of beliefs and practices of a faith community† (Furman & Chandy, 1994, p. 21), â€Å"believing† (Gotterer, 2001, p. 188), and the â€Å"acceptance of a particular set of beliefs and ethics† (Cascio, 1998, p. 524). Thus, the definitions of spirituality and religion in general, are more or less focused on the general meaning of the terms and the areas it encompasses. There is however a subtle difference between the two, as observed from the literature. The concept of spirituality may also include a special reference to the relationship between individuals, the environment to which they belong, their traditions, customs or heritage or any higher power in which they believe (Canda, 1988; Dudley & Helfgott, 1990; Furman, Benson, Canda, & Grimwood, 2005; Joseph, 1988; Krieglstein, 2006; Hodge & McGraw, 2006). Religion on the other hand, is comparatively a narrow term, albeit more structured with regard to the beliefs, or rules followed by a community or an organization. However, there is a slight difference of opinion among various researchers and practitioners with regard to the difference between the two terms while yet others do not believe in such differences. According to some religion is more focused on communities while spirituality is an individual thing, while yet others question the

Role of Parents Diminishes from Generation to Generation Essay

Role of Parents Diminishes from Generation to Generation - Essay Example Children no more need their parents for guidance and supervision. All they need to do is click on Google to know whether a decision is right or wrong, to know the consequences of bad career choice, and to know if they need to correct their diet. Parents’ role has diminished. No doubt, this is a tragedy. Nothing can substitute the ultimate love and care that parents can give to their child. Internet does not pray for us. Media does not feed us. Movies do not pick us up when we fall down. But getting ahead of this emotional debate, let’s ponder upon why parents’ role has diminished, and what the aftermath is. Helena Norberg-Hodge (632) writes that today, teenagers are ashamed of their traditional ways of living, and to be precise, they are ashamed of their parents. They do not admire their parents anymore; instead, they appreciate all those chic-clothed classy actors and actresses they see on television. Their parents have become old-fashioned for them. They do not like their parents asking them to choose a way of life that involves working in the fields and getting their hands dirty for little or no money, and certainly no glamour† (Norberg-Hodge 632, para.3). ... Apparently, we are connecting to the world through online social networks, like Facebook and Orkut, but what happens in real? We are disconnecting from real life. This disconnection diminishes the role of significant others in children’s lives, especially that of the parents. This has given rise to the big generation gap, accompanied with scary communication barriers. â€Å"We tried to make our conversation seem like more than an interview†, writes Rodriguez (201), telling about his experience when he talked to his mother on Christmas vacation. Why, today, parents and children need to put in effort to bring some life to their conversation? Why does it not come up naturally, with care and concern? This is because children are emotionally distant from their parents. Parents, themselves, are too busy nowadays, and they provide their children with expensive electronic gadgets, multichannel cables, LCD televisions, and computers, which children spend most of their time with. They have ready-made food available to them at McDonalds, Pizza Hut, and KFC. They do not need their mother’s good old recipe driven healthy food anymore. They absorb knowledge from what they see on media channels. They learn everything before parents even get the chance to tell them. Mothers wait for the right menstrual age of their daughters to tell them about it, and daughters already know it. Fathers wait for their boys to get big enough to be told about safe sex, and the boys already know it. It is all around them- the information, the knowledge, the statistics, the facts and figures, the good consequences and the bad ones. Then, why would they need their parents anymore? Today’s age has made them

How far do you think railway travel influenced notions of identity and Essay

How far do you think railway travel influenced notions of identity and community in colonial India Give specific examples - Essay Example This is because the railway lines were relevant in the formation of imagined communities especially after the division of India into present day India and Pakistan. The train changed the social relations from that she refers to as concrete lived relations to abstract generalities while it also became a sign of collective identity. Travel through the railway in Colonial India also eliminated individual identities to communal ones which led to the doing away with the held social relations. Therefore, travel through railway lines in Colonial India greatly affected how the citizens identify with each other as well as how the community interacts. In this paper we will discuss the notions of identity in colonial India as affected by travel and transport through the railway line. Our focus will be on how travel through railway led to the growth of a sense of national identity amongst people of disparate regions in colonial India and the raising of the consciousness about the social order in the Indian community. The paper will also make a discussion on how travel by railway in colonial India mobilized the people around one political ideology thus givi ng them a sense of identity as one Indian community. The most everlasting and contribution of European Imperialism to its colonies were through the invention of machines and amongst the most important was the invention of locomotives. The locomotives had the potential to move people and goods from one point to another which had serious impacts on the social, cultural, economic and political compositions and identities of societies. Almost all colonial governments used their superiority in technology to annex and exercise control over the affairs of nations. The colonialists used technology such as construction of railway lines rather than ideologies to further their imperialistic ideals over the colonies.2 These could be through the progress and power

Stereotypes of Culture Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes of Culture Essay This essay aims to explore benefits and disadvantages for managers to use sophisticated stereotypes. Stereotypes provide international managers an advantage of ‘first guess’ about cultural behaviors in countries and organizations so that they can develop appropriate strategies to cope with cross-cultural problems. However, it causes three drawbacks. If stereotyping is judging a group of people on the basis of theoretical concepts, it will be called ‘sophisticated stereotyping’ (Osland and Bird, 2000). The greatest benefit is sophisticated stereotype offers basic cultural knowledge, and is useful for managers to guess about cultural behavior in a country. Therefore, it is used as assistant tool in building unitary organizational cultures. The tourist firm relied on Hosftede’s framework. Because Japanese are collectivistic while Danish are individualistic, the Danish director had to consider whether provide guidance to Danish staffs or strict control to Japanese staffs, instead using individual competencies for all employees. Another example, the audio-visual firm took a chance of gender differentiation between Denmark and Japan to recruit suitable talents for their Tokyo office because it knows Japanese prefer masculine values. Hence it can say that sophisticated stereotypes can be a helpful weapon in implementing cultural management strategies. In contrast, sophisticated stereotypes cannot capture paradox which is the first disadvantage. In particular, if there are no exact cultures as described, people who depend on generalization studies cultural barriers will get confused. However, people who are acquired with cultural differences via their knowledge and experiences will be able to foresee what is most important and the best thing to do in foreign countries. Second, theoretical studies in national cultures are not sufficient to intercultural business context because international business embraced various cultures across borders. However, such scholars as Hofstede, Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, Hall have studied in a single-national culture. Furthermore, sophisticated stereotypes do not describe potential cultural changes in intercultural encounters. These scholars had conducted researches for at least 19 years ago. Corporate cultures might change over time as a consequence of changes in perception and modern societies. In this case, national generalizations are useless to fit to intercultural encounters. Thus, managers merely gain insight into multi-cultural management by their experience and new approaches. In conclusion, because of above risks, sophisticated stereotypes merely are useful at the starting point for managers to guess cultural behaviors. Moving beyond sophisticated stereotypes, they need to make incremental changes by using their own knowledge to manage cultural issues.

Development of Civil Rights

Development of Civil Rights Dulce Melgoza Rodriguez Civil Rights: Power to the People The seeking of civil rights is a seemingly endless fight that is still experienced in the United States on a daily basis. Since America’s early years, there has been a struggle for people of color to have as much rights as Caucasians. Skin color has determined privilege, and despite the fact that there has been progress, there has also been regress as well. When the idea of civil rights was in the early stages, not all were conformed to the thought. Some even took matters into their own hands, such as with the infamous group formation of the Ku Klux Klan. Even with the supposed protection under the law, blacks still came under the harassment and hate crimes that came from the KKK and typical discrimination under the Jim Crow Laws that followed them; even with the elimination of those said laws, people still refused to accept the minority race as an equal. An evident racism and reaction to civil rights seen today mirrors the past and holds true to the fact that civil rights hav e isn’t just one battle, and that it to be continuously sought after. Civil Rights are, by definition, the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Minorities in the United States have individually worked to gain their rights that weren’t given to them since birth as it was with the non-minority race. It is a lot easier to be white than to be a minority. For whites, they don’t typically deal with racial profiling because their skin color doesn’t make them look like the enemy nor are they reduced to a stereotype. In the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence it is written that â€Å"we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights [†¦]†, however those rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness were only to men who were white, and not to any other race or ethnic group. During the Civil War, a major tension between the north and south dealt with the topic of if blacks should be kept as slaves. North said no and the South said yes. After the loss of the Confederacy, and the establishment of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, blacks were happy, but the wealthy and plantation owners were not. African Americans exercised their new rights at first, but black codes were established that stripped them of their freedoms and reduced them to a level of indentured servitude. At this time as well the Ku Klux Klan rose to power to intimidate blacks so they wouldn’t attempt to gain more of their rights. The method was effective and fear and panic was spread throughout as members of the KKK could have been anyone from the average man to law enforcement officials. The period of Reconstruction in the South that was meant to be a prosperous time for blacks in America, didn’t prove to have as much progress as originally intended. Influential black activists who fought for their rights rose up at this time and made themselves known. Some looked for gradual methods to gain their freedoms and others demanded immediate equal rights. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Dubois. With the use of courts and legislature, the NAACP would fight for the Civil Rights of African Americans. Despite the Amendments established in the Constitution, Southern states imposed voting restriction laws to disenfranchise African Americans through the use of literacy tests, poll tax, and the grandfather clause. The South went even further by passing the Jim Crow Laws that instituted segregation between blacks and whites in public facilities. These laws came to be challenged in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson where Homer Plessy, a part black and part white man who could technically use both white and black facilities, was told to move to the end of a train, and ended up suing. Plessy lost the case and out of it, the doctrine â€Å"separate but equal† was established and ruled that the fourteenth amendment only ensured political equality and that segregation was not the same as inferiority, which made segregation legal for the next sixty years. Civil Rights had a long ways to go at this point, and the discrimination against blacks was followed into both World Wars. In World War II, American troops told the French to treat the white troops better than the black troops and they bunked in segregated facilities. After WW2, Blacks fought alongside NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality to eliminate the Jim Crow Laws. In 1954, Congress declared the â€Å"separate but equal† rule to be unconstitutional, with the court case of Brown v. Board of Education that desegregated schools and began to apply the 14th amendment to its full extent, though it would be eleven more years until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and fourteen years until the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Since the Voting Rights Act and Civil Rights Act, there has been change in the public policy towards the issue of racism and discrimination; however, it is still present despite the legislation passed to combat it. No matter how much America has gone forward in it’s advancements in Civil Rights, but just like it was in the 1860s, not everyone is willing to follow suit in the idea of equality for all races. The NAACP and other civil rights activist groups are still around today just like the KKK is. The need for civil tights is still prevalent today, and not just for blacks – but for all minority groups such as Hispanics, Native Americans, or Asians who have also benefitted off the legislation passed. In a typical election, most minorities would rather vote Democrat rather than Republican because the Democrats are those whose policies like Affirmative Action which seek to advance those who have been at a disadvantage throughout history. Liberal standpoints favor Civil Ri ghts while Conservatives have opposed them. When it comes to future policy-making issues, no minority wants to vote for an official who wouldn’t care about the importance of their rights and whose actions could lead to something simple as ignoring the fact discrimination exists and that it occurs to their constituents or to going out of their way to make the minorities the less represented group. This could go from anywhere such as gerrymandering, where district lines can be drawn up in a way to favor one party representation over another which actually has to be approved by Congress when done by the South to actual passing of legislation such as in Arizona’s Immigration Enforcement laws passed in 2010 that allowed for anyone who remotely looks â€Å"illegal† to a law enforcement official to be questioned and detained. Though it is a law that isn’t supposedly based on the color of one’s skin, it’s evident that the appearance of the individua l is what determines if the police officer approaches them and asks to see their papers. Progress is gradual overall, so there needs to be a stronger initiative to gain more than just rights, but also a sense of respect and to break the barrier of discrimination for something trivial like the color of one’s skin. There can’t be talk about progression when the progress is so little and there are people constantly trying to stop it through laws or discreet methods. If judging people on their race continues, nothing will ever get accomplished because the non-minority child will grow with a mindset that they can’t amount to anything. The institutionalized racism will discourage those minorities even though they are not to be the minority group within the future years of the growing population. The minority needs to know of their rights and the impact they can have on the United States if they banded together to bring change. All that needs to happen is for this group to understand they are not weak and that if they show the same amount of gusto that thei r predecessors showed, the United States could prove to be an entirely different place for its citizens, especially those of color.

Eco Friendly Transportation Cycling Physical Education Essay

Eco Friendly Transportation Cycling Physical Education Essay Introduction Ecologically friendly is activities that are good for the environment, and cycling is a transportation of the use of the cycling which power by human with 0 pollution. Go green, recycling, eco-friendly, reuse, etc, these words are everywhere and what we see every day. To be an environmental person, how can we change the world by one man power? The public think that it is not changing a thing if only one person is being eco-friendly; however, every little helps the sick earth. Especially I am studying in the Bicycle town Nottingham, because it is the home of Raleigh, the largest cycle manufacturer in the UK. Make me interesting and reflective thinking in cycling to the environment which is connected. Helping the environment by cycling is a great way, either healthy or saving cost. In this essay, I will talk about the benefits and disadvantages of cycling, public using it as a transport in many different ways. Also, the influences of cycling to environment, relationship between bicycl e designs and environment will be discussed at below. In first paragraph, I will explain what a bicycle is, following with basic information of bikes. Then, the reasons of people choosing bicycle as a transport method will be discussed next paragraph. Also, many benefits will be suggested and supporting the advantages of cycling by survey and experts. However, there are some accidents and death rate can be found easily which makes cycling dangerous. Thirdly, public using bicycle as transport to work and school, supporting by organization Sustran. On the other hand, education sectors do not really recommend children cycling to schools. Follow by the traveling by bicycle, there is a trend that cycling is getting popular and use for travelling between cities even countries. At last, I will talk about cycling is improving the environment gradually. In additionally, bicycle designs are helping the cities day by day. At the same time, government designs bicycle renting in London to help t he public improving the air and quality in the capital. Finally, I will give a brief conclusion to end up this dissertation. Bicycle cycling and design What is Bicycle? A two wheels vehicle connected to a frame, controlled by a rider via the handlebar, powered by human. The definition of bicycle from Oxford Dictionary (2012) explained that a vehicle consisting with two wheels held in a frame one behind the other, propelled by pedals and steered with handlebars  attached  to the front wheel. As so many different type of bicycle in this century, a more relevant explanation of bicycle would be a vehicle consisting with at least two wheels held in a frame, propelled by pedals and steered with handlebars attached to the frame. As same as design, there was always starting with a basic, development, and outcome as final design. In the 18th century, the first bicycle was born in the Europe; this vehicle required balancing by the rider as a transport to go around. This invent became very popular and produced in huge amount quickly. According to the international bicycle organization (2013), the whole world bicycle production had reach 100millions in 1950 -2000. Now in 2013, bicycles produced more than 10 million and kept increasing. The range of bicycle usage was childrens toys, racing, general fitness, military, travelling, courier service and etc. As transportation, bicycle had been employed for bicycle commuting and utility cycling. For working, bicycle could deliver food or mail, police patrol. For recreating the bicycle, it could be mountain biking, BMX, physical fitness and for fun. Also for racing, such as track, time trial, tour de France, etc. Thus, different types of bicycle had been creating for different needs. Common types were mountain bikes, BMX, road bike and single speed, on the other hand fixed gear bike and folding bike were less common. Different designs fit different customers, some liked simple designs, and some liked functional designs. Bicycle was a human-powered transport which meant it need to power by the rider him/herself. Cycling was a very efficient and effective mode of transportation, and it was the m ost efficient human-powered land vehicle at the same time. Cyclist need to hold the handlebar and keep pedaling to keep the bike going forward, otherwise it will fall or crash when lost control. When designers designing, they always faced failure same as cycling, also there was always a reason for designing and cycling. Life is like riding a bicycle in order to keep your balance, you must keep moving.   By Albert Einstein Why cycling? Many people ride a bike for many different reasons. For the body, cycling could be done by people of all ages, from childhood to adult, when achy joints did not allow for more stressful exercise like jogging. For State of mind, cycling helped people to releaser stress. Regardless of if riding purely for pleasure or for a specific purpose, feeling relaxed and energized when you arrived the destination. For community, being out on the bike was good for the people around you as well. Cyclist was able to go to the place that they wanted to go and yet put one less car on the road. Cycling was a great eco-friendly way for fun, fitness and also to enjoy the fresh air. Matthew (2012) said that whether it was to boost the fitness, health or band balancing, or as an environmental choice, taking up cycling could be one of the best decisions. Thus, cycling gave people many benefits and experiences in many ways. Illinois Universitys researchers found that 5 out of 100 people improved in cardio-re spiratory fitness from cycling led to an improvement of up to 15% in mental tests. Because of cycling helped build new brain cells in the hippocampus- the region responsible for memory which deteriorates from the age of 30. According to University of Bristol, cycling helped boost the bowels, meaning the benefits of cycling extend deep into your heart. Dr Ana Raimundo said that helped decreasing the time which took food to move through the large intestine by physical activity, controlling the amount of water absorbed back into the body and leaving only the softer stools, which were easier to pass. On the other hand, Experts at University of Stanford found that riding bicycle frequently could protect humans skin instead of harming from UV radiation and reducing the signs of ageing. When flushing harmful toxins out, nutrients to skin cells and circulation through exercise deliver oxygen increasing circulation more efficiently. Also creating an ideal environment within the body to optim ize collagen production by exercise, it letting the skin created less wrinkles and heal faster. A test testing insomnia suffers to cycle for 30 or less minutes every day, insomniacs sleeping time increased almost an hour and fall as sleep time required go down to half. Professor Jim Horne from Loughborugh Universitys sleep research centre explained that the sunshine shine on the skin when doing exercise at outdoor, helped get the circadian rhythm back in sync, also riding the body of cortisol, the stress hormone that could prevent deep, regenerative sleep. Beating the illness by cycling, riding was the way to keep the doctor away. Chief dietician at St Georges hospital in London said medium level exercise made immune cells more active, and made them always ready to fight with bacteria. Researches also showed that people got less sickness if people cycle for 30 minutes five days a week. Group of scientists compared over 2400 identical twins and found those who did the equivalent of j ust three 45minutes rides per week were 9 years biologically younger even after discounting other influences, such as body mass index (BMI) and smoking. Dr Lynn Cherkas claimed that lower risk of cardiovascular disease been found on those people who exercise regularly, all types of cancer, high blood pressure and obesity. And the body became very efficient at defending itself and regenerating new cells. Cutting 50% risk of heart disease by cycling regularly. According to British Heart foundation (2013), around 10.000 fatal heart attacks could be avoided each year if people kept themselves fitter. About keeping fit, sports specialist found that bodys metabolic rate the efficiency with which it burns calories and fat, was not only raised during cycling, however for few hours after stop. One study showed that cyclists who incorporated fast intervals into their ride burned three and a half times more body fat than those who cycled constantly but at a slower pace. Apart from health, cycling helped people go to their destination faster in UKs major city. Research by Citroen showed that workers get to location in half the time of cars and commuting by bike in the UKs major cities. In fact, if driving for an hour in rush hour, drivers cannot go anywhere further in 30 minutes and average just 7mph, compared to averaging around 12-15mph while cycling. A study of 200 people carried out by the University of Bristol found that employees who exercised before work or at lunchtime improved their time and workload management, and it boosted their motivation and their ability to deal with stress. The study also reported that workers who exercised felt their interpersonal performance was better; they took less brake and found it easier to finish work on time. Unfortunately, study found nothing was linking between getting a promotion and cycling. Riding to work could save the money of transport, without the weather condition, cycling to work at less save you  £30 a month. Enjoying the fresh air before go to work, refreshed the mind and worked more efficiency. In the weekend, the whole family could go cycling together. Studies suggested that children were influenced by their parents exercise choices. Which meant if your kids saw you riding bicycle a lot, they thought it was normal and would want to follow. Replaced any other harmful dependency such as alcohol, computer and cigarettes, you were developing a positive addiction by riding bicycle. Result of positive addiction to cycling was became a happier and healthier person in life. Riding could be doing as much good as the actual exercise on the social side. Socialising released the hormone oxytocin helped you made friends and stay healthy. Naturally feeling good endorphin released when exercising and counters stress which made happiness. If you happy but tired? The best thing you could do was go for a ride. Even a few minutes of physical activity was a surprisingly effective refresh ing mind. A review of 12 studies on the link between exercise and fatigue carried out between 1945 and 2005 found that exercise directly cut down weariness levels. Nothing was better than cycling with partner. Many couples made one or two riding dates every week, helping release feel-good hormones, so after a ride, the couples would have a warm feeling towards each other. Appreciating the time you spent together and chat though cycling. However, there might be some disadvantages while many benefits had been found. With hundred of issues could be found to affect the cyclist while cycling. Riding on the roads next to aggressive drivers could be very dangerous. Wind, raining, heat, cold and hills etc, all these conditions affected the people who was riding and cause serious problem. According to the Fonant (2012), statistically cycling was generally considered to be more dangerous than travelling by car, much safer than riding a motorbike, and roughly as safe as walking. The actually values depended on whether counting accidents per mile, journey or hour, so the figures were quite variable. In practically, cycling felt a lot more dangerous it truly was. Also, choices of bike could make a huge different; a stable city bike felt more comfortable in traffic than a risky BMX bike. Bicycles were much more flexible than cars, so sometimes find quiet routes that avoid the busiest roads. Large cities and towns always published route maps which might helped. However, these cycle route were built by non-cy clist and so could be relatively useless and stupid, even sometimes they were more dangerous than the roads they ran along. Fonant (2012) claimed that the danger to cyclists on the roads decreased very much if there were more people cycling. Vehicles became more used to passing cyclists, and they were less surprised to see them. In additionally, the more car drivers thee were that also cycle, the more the motoring public would understand cyclists needs and fears. This phenomenon was known as the Critical Mass, also the name of demonstration bike riders that take place in towns all over the world. In the UK, drivers were very bad at passing cyclists, specially the elder people. For some reason they think cyclist were happy to have just a few inches of space. Drivers forgot that cyclist were balancing, and often needed to swerve to avoid potholes. Fortunately, being hit from behinds was a rare occurrence for a cyclist, so while there was a strong perception that there was danger in re ality this was not the case. Not a good experience with hitting by a passing car, the feeling would ever forget. The worst possibility to do was ride close to the kerb. Not only the cars would pass by faster and closer, but if the front wheel hits the kerb you fall off. More obvious to ride where the cars left hand side wheels have made the road better, and you would get a lot fewer punctures. As I mentioned, car drivers seemed not to like cyclists. Reasons were because driving was already a stressful and competitive activity, and cycling next to them got even worse. In practice a cyclist almost never would make the journey time longer of a car driver. A cyclist would be overtaken, only to overtaking back at the next traffic lights or queue. Car drivers also afraid that they might hit and injure a cyclist while driving on the road. Even divers were not worrying physically but in sub-conscious, something that modern cars did all that they could to remove, by insulating the car occupa nts from real world as much as possible. Except the car driver, weather was another problem for cyclists. Most of the non-cyclists thought that raining was the worst weather problem for cyclists, but since starting to ride a bike you would found out how much effort was needed to cycle into a strong wind. Comparing with climbing a hill, cycling was worse as the wind would often be against you for the whole journey, and sometimes it even turned so it was against you on the way back as well. To solve this problem, many regular long distance cyclists used traditional dropped handlebars. Drop bar allowed crouching down comfortably to reduce the frontal area. Wearing a windbreaker with an ultimate wind-resistance bicycle such as recumbent bike could help to go smoother. Some said raining just as much of a pain as wind, but less common thankfully. Although raining was not a big deal for the rider, the bicycle getting wet was not a good thing. The bicycle got wet without drying in a long te rm, causing rust and damage could be dangerous for the cycling activity. Riding with all wet outfit certainly was not a good idea, especially in winter when you wearing lots of layers and getting cold plus wet was horrible. In cold weather, wearing too many cloths for cycling would be clumsy which affected the reaction of the cyclist. Suggesting to wear windproof clothing than it would be warm enough even in freezing weather. To cancel the problem of sweat-induced moisture it was best to dress so that would be chilly at the beginning with, and soon warm up. At the same time, hands and feet were needed more attention as they getting to be the coldest part of the body. Try extra socks and windproof gloves, they helped more than ever. Furthermore, took great care in hot weather to keep drinking. Keep sweating without drinking water might lead to heat stroke, so just brought a bottle of water with you and drank it frequently. Apart from weather, the bicycle was one of the condition that cyclist needed to care about. Parking, maintenance, cost etc. When cyclist wanted to park the bike, made sure it was secure to beware of bike thief as bicycle parts were easy to uninstall. As the commodity price were increasing in all over the world, the cost of bicycle parts and maintenance were getting more expensive. Ensure the bike was in good condition before riding, otherwise any part loosed might cause accident. To reducing the cost of maintenance, bike owner might buy their own tools to fix the bike. Spending once on the tools was enough, instead of costing money on maintenance every time in shops. Transportation to work Bicycle commuting was the way that people go to work by cycling from home to the place they work. CTC (Cyclist touring Club)(2013) claimed that commuting by bicycle in the UK was becoming more and more popular. Cycling was one of the simplest ways to keep fit while saving money at the same time. Author of Cycling to work: a beginners guide Rory McMullan said that once you ride a bike few times, you would be surprised how easy and quick it was. Mandi (2012) suggested that though U.S. had seen 40 percent growth in bicycle commuters since 2000, their numbers had yet to surpass 1 million. Improving individuals health, wealth and standard of living were not the only reason biking to work; however the combination of more cyclists and less cars on the road could give the whole country a much-needed boost (Mandi, 2012). Many reasons and benefits could be found by cycling to work and school. Due to rising fuel costs and tire upkeep, the cost of owning a car increased nearly 2% in 2012. Accord ing to the Sierra Club, if American drivers were to make just one four-mile round trip each week with a bicycle instead of a car, they would save almost 2 billion gallons of gas. Cycling was widely cheaper than driving; also the cyclist was doing exercise at the same time. Lisa Callahan, MD, of the hospital for special surgery in New York City said that Bike commuting could be a very effective cardiovascular benefit. If you are overweight and start an exercise program, sometimes it is harder on your joints because of overweight, thus sports such as swimming or biking that was not pounding on the joints could be a good thing.On the other hand, riding to work did not even need to own a bike. Bicycle hire was available in London city centre so that workers could rent one and ride to work. Barclays Cycle Hire had more than 6000 bikes and 400 stations which could be found in central of London. University of Nottingham found that public transit riders were 6 times easier to receive from a cute respiratory infections. Fresh air did a body good, another study found a host of illness-causing viruses hidden in passenger seats and car, including E.coli, salmonella and campylobacter. Cycling was individual and fresh air came onto the face directly. When bicycle commuters arrived the place they work, parking the bicycle would not be an issue. Many company such as Apple and Tesco offered bicycle parking for employees. In American, hundreds of major companies had entered the American League of Bicyclists Bicycle Friendly Business program  and cities require commercial office buildings by law to offer some sort of bike storage.  Folding bikes were another useful option, as they could be packed into a bag and stashed easily under a desk or a closet. Evans Cycles had a program helped employee to cycling to work which called Ride2work. Ride2Work was a leading provider of the Governments cycle to work scheme, which promoted cycling through tax incentives to offer fantastic saving on the cost of a new bike and safety accessories.(EvansCycles,2012) The Ride2work plan could save at less 40% of retail prices without any extra cost to the employer. Any sizes companies could take part in the scheme which promoted much healthier journeys to work, and reducing congestion by offered a positive lifestyle benefit to employees. More than 10 companies already joined the scheme, such as Channel 4, Gatwick Airport, Toyot and Virgin Media etc. According to EvansCycle(2012), the cycle2work scheme works as an annual tax exemption which allowed employees to purchase bikes to be hired to employees as a tax-free benefit. And the cost of purchasing the bikes was recovered though salary sacrifice, which normally ran over 12 months. For employers, it prov ided a popular employee benefit at no additional cost, helping employees to save money, promote healthier journeys to work and meet CSR objectives and to save the cost of car parking. For employees, to save around 30%-40% on both bike and accessories, divided the cost over 12-18 months to make cycling more affordable, getting fitter, healthier and happier through cycling. Through this process, Ride2Work benefited employers and employees at the same time. Thus, there were no disadvantages to join it.   Additionally, cycling to school or university was a great activity for children. Transport ation- To school Cycling was an ideal from of transport for young people providing a healthy, cheap and environmentally friendly way to get about, together with a degree of freedom and independence (Sustrans, 2012). According data in the UK, a high proportion of children said they would prefer to cycle to school instead of taking public transport. Since walking was about 3 times slower than cycling, it was perfect for journeys to and from school which was too far to walk to and it an easier way to keep fit. The government suggested that young people should have a minimum of one hours moderate physical activity each day to keep healthy and help prevents serious illness in later life. Cycling to school regularly was a simple and practical way of achieving this. Sustrans safe route (2012) claimed that some family and school were worried about the speed and volume of road traffic. Cyclingblog(2011) said that almost all children had a bike of some sort yet it was estimated that less than 1% of school children actually cycle to school. In addition, surveys of school travel appeared to suggest that up to 50% of children would like to travel by bicycle, so there appeared to be an issue somewhere. Cyclingblog(2011) discussed that the main concern centre around the perception of UK roads being dangerous or active discouragement by school themselves. Parents were afraid of allowing school children to cycle to school; said fears were often illogical as the roads were not as dangerous as they were led to believe. Besides, cycling to school was not a necessary and only way on the same route that was taken by mum who drives kids to school by themselves. According to Bikeabilit y(2013), a victim of economic cuts, there were still cycle instructors our there working hard to teach children good cycling technique. Those children who lived within 2 miles of their school, particularly primary schools and this therefore offered the trained child cyclist the perfect experience that will increased over time and lead to better equipped adult cyclists. The problem of at what age should a child be allowed to cycle to school maybe a contentious one, however, with children cycling to school run there was clearly the opportunity of riding together as a group, which provided that extra safety in numbers. The other main reason cycling to school was taken up by so few children was the stance taken by the majority of schools, particularly infant and junior schools. Many schools discourage cycling through promotion of poor road safety advice and their lack of bicycle storage facilities. Schools could not legally ban cycling to school; they had no right to decide how people arrived to and from their home. What normally schools could do was ban bicycles from the school area or they could actually ban by not providing anywhere to park their bicycle securely and safely. The cost of installing bicycle parking stands was not challenging, once installed they need very little of maintenance and upkeep. The legal position was that schools were not liable for students travelling independently to or from school; that meant that a school would be liable for a student on a school-operated bus, but it was not liable for a student cycling on his or her own. Furthermore, schools were not liable for thef t or damage caused to bicycles on school grounds, just as schools were not liable for theft or damage to a students jacket theft in a classroom or the pencil case in their bag. Cyclingblog(2011) suggested that if more children cycling to school what was needed was a proactive attitude, better facilities at schools and infrastructure on the way to school along with continued cycle training. More importantly was parents to understand that cycling itself was safe and encouraging children to be active in an age when the TV or games console was the first point of call. Transport Travel Riding the bike to a location was popular in all around the world. Instead of travelling by airplane, train or ship, traveler who rode a bike has much greater fun and exciting experience. Many people became interesting with the idea of traveling by bicycle but did not know where to get started. The Adventure Cycling Association (2013) suggested that experienced riders know the simplicity of bike travel was one of its great joys, but to the curious newcomer this new world of possibility could appear confusing. Bicycle travel was attractive for many reasons; an exciting challenge that allowed people to explore new landscapes and cultures, built physical fitness, and experienced the joy of breathing fresh air and meeting new people in some point. The author of Lonely Planet (2012) said that bike travel gave you heaps of freedom, plus it was eco-friendly and a great form of exercise. No doubt travelling with bike was a forceful thing to do, so traveler must need a plan before started. Im portance of recognized the risks and time, because you could not take a year off to bike somewhere. Same any other way of trip, traveler must have to confirm that the time you allot was sufficient for the place you would like to go. Since bike had been traveling by people in recent years, there were plenty of bike routes maps on the internet and some provide by organization. Bike route helped a lot when you were planning the specific bike tour. Guide bike tour could be found as well if you preferred. Made sure to go where actually planned to go, not ride to a destination because of convenience or in passing. Self preparing before the trip was important as well. Helmet, cycling clothing, phone, snacks, water, passport (if overseas), backpack and etc. Depending on the place you traveling to, also the location and weather which would ride pass. If it was more than a day, you might need to check hotels, hostels or camping. Some organization set out maps that helped traveler to find a pl ace to stay at the end of every day journey, depending on how well the plan was. If you were biking across the desert, some tent and camping would be needed. And food, all of which was going to increased the weight of the pack. Make sure if you had a heavier load to carry, your bike could support it. To help you determine exactly how much could handle, taking some rides with predicted weight that would be carrying. The good thing about cycling was the cyclist did not need to be a superman to cycling around. However, training on bicycle before the trip would be a free insurance. The best to do was to be realistic about what people actually could do and create achievable goals. One of the pleasures of bike travel was that riding into progressively better and better shapes as you go. The varies of how far can you ride in a day depending on the overall fitness, personal goals, the style of touring and the terrain(Adventure Cycling Association,2013). With a bit of bicycle training, an av erage physically fit adult carrying more than 18 pounds of other gears on their bike could expect to travel at an average pace of 65 miles per day on roads and still had time to stop and enjoyed the view. With more gear about 35 pounds. The average pace to plan for should be lowered to 55miles per day. Also if the terrain was particularly flat or mountainous, the average would increase or decrease accordingly. Experienced bicycle travelers could ride further, but for most people, planning to exceed these averages had a tendency to increase the physical challenge and decrease the enjoyment. Always plan the time in the day and days off in the trip, for unexpected challenges and good opportunities. A bicycle tour certainly needed a good bike to ride on; many types of bicycle could be used for touring. Although some bicycle were specifically designed for touring, most quality bike could be customized for touring use, with the exception of road racing bikes, as they pay attention on weig ht saving and quick handling over durability and comfort. For conclusion, the choice of bicycle was based on type of touring and personal preference. Although cycling travel was a good activity, the death rate was surprisingly high in 2000. Most common cycling accidents were cyclist rode into the path of vehicle, motorist emerging into path of cyclist and turning across path of cyclist, child cyclist playing or riding too fast, etc. According to the survey done by DETR(Secretary state for the environment, transport and regions), deaths rate per billion journey of bicycle was 170. Reports showed those cyclist casualties in the UK; Killed, 170; seriously injured 3085, slightly injured; the sum of casualties was 19215. These figures only counted the numbers of cyclists who killed or injured in road accidents and were reported to the police, even when the cyclist was injured badly enough to be taken to hospital. The figure was not included cycling accidents what happened on other places instead of road. Rospa(2012) reported that around 15% of the cyclist killed and injured were children, cycling accidents increased as children grow older. Meaning there was a risk of cycling from kids to adult, even more dangerous until about the age of 60. On the other hand, most cycling accidents happened in urban areas where most cycling took places, more than half death or serious accidents occurred in urban areas. Data from The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (2012) showed that more than 20% of cyclists killed or seriously injured were involved in collisions at, or near, a road junction, with T junctions being the most commonly involved. And roundabouts were particularly dangerous junctions for cyclists. Besides of personal casualties, cycling helped a lot for the environment. Eco-friendly Worlds major problem was pollution. Different modes of transport such as cars, buses, trams, trains and others caused noise pollution, heavy air pollution and depart massive carbon footprints. Organization such as Bicycle NSW Environmental Trust helped and promoted bicycle riding as an environmentally beneficial means of transport. Cycling did not require any fuel or emitted any poisonous gases; as well it had practically no carbon footprint. For a fresh air to breath and pure water to drink, a reduction in all those pollution levels was essential. Cycling was an environmentally as well as eco friendly mode of transport. Day by day, the cost of fuels was rising quickly. In such situation, cycling was a cheap mode of transport, ideal for short local trips and made up of our everyday journeys. According to European Environment Agency (EEA, 2003), the transport sector in the UK was both the fastest growing consumer of energy and the fastest growing producer of greenhouse gases. Air poll ution was not happening in a country but in globally, everyone had responsible for it and need to improve it as soon as possible. The national cycling charity claimed (CTC, 1991) that the main atmospheric pollants emitted by motor vehicles were hydrocarbons, carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides, Ozone, particulates, acidic compounds and Carbon Dioxide, all of which had a detrimental impact upon the environment. These issues affected the world everyday and causing environment problems including global warming, acid rain and greenhouse effect etc. Driving a car had a seri

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